The Formation of a Composite Urban Image

Since image formation depends on the cognitive organization of perceptions, a change in the individual's available cognitive structure may affect his or her perceptual selectivity. This, in turn, might lead to a reconstruction of the image through selected fields of attention. Although this process is widely accepted, little is known of its neurophysiology, and the formation of an image, therefore, is drawn inferentially from introspective reports. This paper presents, accordingly, a conception of image formation and tests it with a model presenting paths among locational and nonlocational environmental stimuli and an introspective measure of a composite urban image. Changes in the paths due to information and personal attributes that reflect different realms (for example, fields of attention) are further examined with an expanded version of the model. Across the realms, the perceived residential appeal and the perceived level of activities are the main determinants of the composite urban image. Information and personal attributes not only affect the mix of image determinants, but also rearrange their relative effects on the emerging image.     

都市社区旅游国际化的"新天地"模式

都市社区旅游的国际化是大都市国际化的先导和符号。大都市社区旅游不仅是都市旅游空间组织和发展的重要模式,也是旅游产品国际化的重要表现形式。从社区国际化的视角思考都市旅游目的地建设,实现旅游国际化与社区发展的良性互动,是都市旅游发展的新途径。社区旅游国际化的关键在于社区旅游环境氛围的文化底蕴地方化、旅游服务质量的国际化、接待游客来源的国际多元化、旅游产品供给与体验的国际时尚化。基于上海石库门社区文化特色的“新天地”模式,具有都市社区旅游国际化的示范和启迪效应。     

论近代英国内阁制的形成

英国是西方世界首创内阁制的国家。早在斯图亚特王朝后期,在种种主客观因素的推动下,此前处于萌芽状态的内阁逐渐走向公开化、独立化、制度化,由此标志着内阁制在英国的形成。不过,与18世纪中后叶的责任制内阁相比,此间的内阁依然残留着君主政治的痕迹。对于王权的依附以及与议会之间缺乏必然的关联,使得责任制在内阁中还未建立起来。只有到汉诺威王朝时期,当王权急剧衰落、议会主权地位确立后,早期的内阁制才完成了向责任内阁制的转变。     

Urban Pattern Dichotomy in Tirana: Socio-spatial Impact of Liberalism

Transition from a centralized to a market economy yielded different responses from the former Eastern Bloc countries with economic performance directly affecting spatial composition of the cities. Post-socialist urban transformations across Central and Eastern Europe exhibit main, common features but always preserve singularities, characteristic of individual states. This paper, by using comparative methods and urban planning analyses, emphasizes differences in the degree of change for inner city areas under same transition conditions. Drawing on empirical evidence from Tirana, the paper stresses the fact that besides the obvious general change in the communism-inherited urban fabric, the degree of this change is predicated on the area's centrality and its pre-transitional urban pattern. It is pointed out that this spatial change follows a mutually interactive, parallel path with the socio-economic composition of the city. The peculiarity of Tirana stands in the fact that post-socialist socio-spatial transformations are better defined by Balkanization (implying individuality and hostility) rather than segregation (which implies clustering).     

Some Questions Relating to the Formation of Urban Population

In the absence of Soviet census data on processes of formation of urban population, the author analyzes the origins of industrial workers in four urban centers of Moscow Oblast. He finds that the extent of the labor-supply area depends on the availability of local labor, the character of the skills required, the traditional occupations and work skills of the population, and certain aspects of a planned economy, such as the compulsory assignment of graduates to specific jobs and areas.     

The System of Urban Places of the Donets Territorial-Production Complex

The system of urban places of the Donets Basin is analyzed in terms of economic functions. Seven types are distinguished ranging from small, narrowly specialized coal-mining settlements to major cities with a polyfunctional structure of industry. Four charts that accompany the original article have been dropped in the translation because of reproduction problems.     

内战以后美国南部租佃制的形成

内战以后,美国北部的工业资产阶级主宰了南部的经济改造,力图在南部推行经典资本主义的自由雇佣劳动制度.但是这一制度在实施过程中发生了变异,南部最终形成的却是作为其变体的租佃制.经典的雇佣劳动制在南部发生变异,其深刻的社会经济根源在于南部的资本极其匮乏.因此,内战以后美国南部租佃制的形成,是北部工业资产阶级在南部推行经典资本主义生产方式的过程中,受到南部资本匮乏的客观社会经济条件制约而产生的结果.     

当代中国城市低保制度的演进及反思

当代中国城市低保制度从1993年起,经历了初创及试点、正式确立及全面实施、应保尽保、规范管理和全面法制化五个阶段。随着该制度的日益完善和操作程序的不断规范,城市低保制度开创了一种既符合我国国情,又与国际接轨的社会救助新模式,对保障城市困难群众的基本生活、维护城市社会稳定、推动经济体制改革都起到了重大促进作用。城市低保工作呈现出保障人数大体稳定、财政投入逐年增加、保障水平不断提高的态势。该制度面临的困难和问题需要结合国际扶贫的新模式和当前我国的低保工作的实践进行完善和创新。     

省域旅游竞争力的空间格局与形成机理研究

本文在系统梳理旅游目的地竞争力研究主要成果的基础上,通过搭建省域旅游竞争力评价指标体系,运用多指标综合评价的主成分分析法,以省域为研究单元,对我国31个省市自治区的旅游竞争力水平进行定量评价。结果显示：规模实效因子、企业活力因子、经营绩效因子和消费支撑因子是影响我国省域旅游竞争力总体水平的主要因子,4项指标对我国省域旅游竞争力的累积贡献值已经超过80％;从空间结构上看,我国各省市自治区之间旅游竞争力总体水平之间存在较大差距,东中西部地区各省份的旅游竞争力之间存在显著的梯度递减格局,东部地区省份的旅游竞争力水平领先于中西部地区,但一些省份也表现出一定的变异特征。从旅游的综合性和系统性角度出发,研究认为区域旅游竞争力的提高是一项系统工程,区域旅游产业的效益更多地来自于全方位和全要素的产业发展,而这些要素既涵盖旅游系统内部的各项要素,又与区域社会经济发展的整体水平密切相关,因此,增强区域旅游竞争力必须强调各项要素的均衡、协调发展。     

论中国共产党城乡一体化战略思想的形成和确立

城乡一体化战略思想的形成和确立,是十六大以来以胡锦涛同志为总书记的党中央推进理论创新取得的重大成果。这一战略思想的形成和确立,既有理论渊源,又有实践基础,是伴随着十六欠以来科学发展的推进,通过对城乡关系认识的不断深化而实现的,其形成和确立具有重大的理论和实践意义。     

中国古代“起居注”记史体制的形成

起居注是中国古代官方制度化的、按照日期顺序记述当朝皇帝言行和朝廷政务的史籍,这种记史体制的形成有一个长期发展的进程。先秦的记史理念奠定了思想基础,汉代的"著记"为其前身,而东汉的"起居注"提供了史籍的名称,至两晋形成初步的官方记史制度。从北魏孝文帝定立起居注制度始,北朝的少数民族政权对此做出重要贡献,隋唐主要承袭了北朝制度,至唐代确立了理想化的起居注记史体制。其特点是直接的即时记载,奉从据事直书原则,更具备不许皇帝查看的独特性,这对皇权专制有一定的牵制作用。后来各朝代未能完全贯彻这种体制,但也无法否定唐代所确立起居注制度的合理与正义。     

清代抚民厅制度形成过程初探

抚民厅是清代独有的地方行政制度与行政区划,由明代的派遣厅(府同知、通判的派出机构)演变而来。这两种厅在清代长期共存,需要有一个标准将两者区分开来。区分的标准应该由清代官方文献的记载和现代政治地理学理论结合而成。在此标准之下,通过对《清实录》、地方志中相关记载的疏理,认为抚民厅制度萌芽于明代末期,在清代设立新厅的过程中不断得到完善,乾隆十二年(1734年)潼关抚民厅的出现,标志着抚民厅制度的全面形成。     

美国公立学校种族隔离制度的形成与终结--以非洲裔美国人的经历为例

美国公立学校种族隔离制度是在内战结束以及公立学校开始普及的社会背景下形成的,为了废除这种制度,非洲裔美国人进行了长期不懈的努力,其斗争的鲜明特征是组织性和法律性。废除学校种族隔离的过程集中体现了法律的神圣性以及司法部门的独立性,同时联邦政府也进行了有效的干预和控制。     

元朝广西撞兵屯田体系的形成与分布

元朝广西的兵防主要由湖广行省派遣的镇戍军与广西本土的屯兵组成。《元史》只记载了广西上思州、藤州两处屯田,是非常不完整的。本文通过考察元朝广西屯田体系的建立历史及其实际运作,揭示了元朝广西屯田并非只有孤立的两处,而是一个完整、地理分布广阔的兵防体系。广西屯田的开展是从世祖末、成宗初上思州黄圣许之乱开始,到顺帝初年平定"徭乱"为止,是以宾州为中心、静江为分府,并散布于上思州、柳州、藤州、庆远等地,遍布广西地区的撞兵屯田体系。     

Urban Planning System in Contemporary Spain

This work analyses the main Spanish legislative and urban planning instruments, highlighting some of the most important structural problems of the current Spanish urban realities. The survey on legislation runs from the first Land Use Act of 1956 to the decentralization of the administration and the culmination of the transfer processes to the respective Spanish regions. Later, we study the complete well-structured hierarchy of urban planning instruments in use at present. Finally, we analyse how these and other factors have an influence on the capacity to control housing prices and on a lack of sustainability characterized by the excessive urbanizing use of the land.     

壁画艺术的形态

具有宏大的面积与容量是壁画艺术显的形态特征,而通过物质形态得以呈现的种种精神形态,共同构成了壁画艺术独立于世的个性形态。