清代城市社会公共事业的运作--以杭州城消防事业为中心

屋宇密集的城市,火灾牵动着诸多的社会关系,连带了一系列社会事务,因而城市消防事业的运作情形,反映了城市中社会关系的组织和构造.有清一代,杭州地方政府组织了专门的救火兵丁,实施了"官水桶"等防火措施,但限于人力与财力,无法满足城市居民的消防需求.为此,政府将平时的防火工作下放到基层,并号召民间力量参与其中.而由社会经济发展所带来的居民关系复杂化,则推动了"义民"、"救火集"等民间救火组织的产生.官方与民间两类救火力量,各有不足,互相补充,共同承担起杭城火灾的救灭任务.灾后的赈济亦由官府和民间双方共同参与,但在官员自愿捐资的背后,却是他们保全宦途的策略性考虑.     

春秋战国时期的城市居民组织及其管理

一、春秋战国时期的城市居民组织 在春秋战国时期的城市居民组织中,"里"和"乡"的地位十分重要.<国语·齐语>所载管仲对国都的规划为"五家为轨,伍为之长;十轨为里,里有司;四里为连,连为之长;十连为乡,乡有良人焉."在同书的其他各处,当言及国中居民组织时,往往是"乡里"并称.如<国语·齐语>中就有"与其为善于乡也,不如为善于里"及"发闻于乡里,有则以告"等句.     

唐宋时期城市的居民结构

古代城市的居民结构,是城市经济史研究的重要组成部分。这里所说的居民结构,主要指城市居民的人口数量、社会成分、职业结构、稳定性或流动性、居民组织状况,等等。唐宋之际的城市,至少包括四种类型——国都之类的政治城市、边镇堡寨之类军事城堡、扬州苏州之类综合型城市、镇市之类新型或雏形的经济都市。本文着重从这些城市居民结构的特点与差异方面,进行比较性考察和分析。     

宋辽金元建制城市的出现与城市体系的形成

宋辽金元是中国古代"城市革命"的重要时期。主要表现为:在城市空间上,由封闭到开放,由坊市制转变为厢坊制;在管理制度上,宋代以拥有专门行政管理机构府属都厢为标志,出现了个案建制城市。辽金元则以拥有专门行政管理机构诸京警巡院、路府节镇录事司、防刺州司候司为标志,出现了更多建制城市。在此基础上,金元时期形成了联系密切、分布有序的古代城市体系。     

泉州牌坊浅谈

<正>作为中华文化的一个象征,牌坊的历史源远流长,在周朝的时候就已经存在了,《诗·陈风·衡门》:"衡门之下,可以栖迟。"《诗经》编成于春秋时代,大抵是周初至春秋中叶的作品,由此可以推断,"衡门"至迟在春秋中叶即已出现。衡门是以两根柱子架一根横梁的结构存在的,唐代,我国城市都采用里坊制,城内被纵横交错的棋盘式道路划分成若干块方形居民区,这些居民区,唐代称为"坊"。坊是居民居住区的基本单位,"坊"与"坊"之间有墙相隔,坊墙中央设有门,以便通行,称为坊门。后来因为门没有太大的作用,     

里坊制及相关问题研究

本文以墓志为主要材料,复原了北魏至唐代"坊"产生和演变的过程,并对坊在城市中的分布进行了分析,认为坊成为当时城市中的一种规划和管理单元具有一定的偶然性。与以往一些观念不同,仅就墓志材料而言,唐代地方城市中的坊在空间分布上并不完全集中于城墙之内,也存在城墙之外的坊,而且其普及的时间很可能要在唐代中期之后。结合文献材料,由于无论是在行政管理还是在人们的日常生活中,里的作用和影响要远远大于坊,因此即使存在"坊市制"的话,那么更准确的称呼应当是"里市制"。     

北朝隋唐都城空间区划制度的演变——以“坊”“里”的使用为中心

都城空间区划制度与对都城内主要城市景观的称谓密切相关，在中国古代，最基本的都城空间区划制度有里制和坊制两种，因此主要城市景观的名称也就为里或坊。就北朝隋唐时期而言，首都居住区里、坊的称谓之间并非一开始就是官称与俗称的关系。在北魏洛阳，空间区划制度是里制，坊实际为落实治安管理的一种手段。在坊建好后，被围墙围绕的封闭区域也开始可以称为“坊”，此后，坊、里在指代空间位置时就可以等同了。不过，北魏洛阳涉及治安事务时才用坊表示居住空间，因此墓志所见城中居住区都为某某里。隋文帝正式在都城实行坊制，确立了坊在指代居住空间时的官方地位，由此才形成了坊、里官称和俗称的关系，但里代指居住区的用法并未改变，唐代坊、里的混用实源于此。     

明代地方城市的“坊”——以江西省府、县城为中心

本文主要论述唐宋坊市制崩溃以后,明代地方城市中“坊”之情形。明代地方志所记之“坊”,有牌坊、街坊、乡坊和坊图四种不同涵义。牌坊为旌表建筑物,街坊为居民居住区,乡坊之“坊”是人文地理概念,指城内外一定地理区域,坊图之“坊”等同于里、图。作为“地域实体”的街坊,其形态已不同于唐宋时期的坊市,表现为开放式的条形街区,而不是封闭的方形区域;城外街区亦得称“坊”;坊的数目增多,其规模较小。街坊与城市里甲密切相关,是城市里图区划的基本依据。     

隋唐长安坊市胡人考析

坊市制是中国古代官府对城区规划和市场管理的制度,亦称坊制。唐中期以前,中国城市是坊市制格局,居民区"坊"和商业区"市"彼此严格分离。本文主要结合传世典籍和出土文献,分析了隋、唐时期长安坊市胡人聚居区的形成与分布情况,以期为研究隋、唐时期的城市发展、对外贸易等提供借鉴。     

春秋战国城市发展论

一、第二次城市建设高潮西周初年,统治者据宗法制新分封的诸侯,纷纷筑城立国,从而出现了中国古代第一次城市建设高潮,而第二次城市建设高潮则是在春秋后期至战国时期。城市建设的根本动力是社会经济的发展。两周之际,古代中国进入铁器时代。至春秋战国时期,黄河流域由使用木石工具的锄耕农业飞跃发展为使用铁木工具的犁耕农业。农业生产的飞跃发展带动了工商业尤其是私营工商业的蓬勃发展,这就为城市的兴起提供了基本条件。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.