宁玛派(英文)

<正>The expression Rnying Ma-pa means "ancient" or "old".The Rnying Ma-pa sect maintained that it is ancient because Pad-ma vbyung-gnas established its doctrines in the 8th century,about three hundred years earlier than the origin of Tibetan Buddhism’s other sects.With regard to "old",the Rnying Ma-pa sect claimed to focus on the teachings of Old Tantric Mysticism,basically those translated during the Tubo period. The division of Tibetan Buddhism into various sects differed from that of Hinayana and Mahayana in Indian Buddhism.The separation of Hinayana into eighteen schools was     

宝藏寂对于中观破斥因果的批判（英文）

<正>o.Introduction Ratnakarasanti was a Buddhist scholar from the Vikramasila monastery at the final period of Indian Buddhism and was a teacher of Atisa/Dipamkarasrijnana.He occupies a unique position in the spiritual lineage of Mahayana Buddhism,which in India and Tibet developed out of the conflict and integration of Buddhism’s two main philosophical schools,namely,Yogacara and Madhayamaka.According to Ratnakarasanti’s understanding,the traditional Yogacara thought that was founded and systematized by Maitreya,Asanga,and Vasubandhu is fully compatible with the Middle Way(madhyama.pratipat)as     

Unprecedented Developments In Tibet

The visit of our delegation to Tibet was, indeed, an eye-opener. Ours was one of the first political delegations fromIndia to visit the Tibet autonomous region in many decades. The economic development that we could see in the capital city of Lhasa as well as in the other urban and rural areas clearly showed that compared to Nepal, Bhutan or other Indian Himalayan areas, the Tibet region is witness to unprecedented economic and other consequent social     

MINISTER ON BUIL DING OF THE QINGHAI-TIBET RAILWAY——AN INTERVIEW WITH RAILWAY VICE-MINISTER SUN YONGFU

Editor＇s Note：Sun Yongfu is now vice-minister of railways. In 1962, when he graduated from the Department of Bridges and Tunnels of the Changsha Railway Institute of Hunan Province, he was assigned to work in the Zhengzhou Railway Bureau. In a survey of the bearing capacity of railway bridges, he examined bridges one by one from Zhengzhou in Henan Province to Wuhan in Hubei Province. On this basis, he produced the studies that made him famous and led to his promotion as one of the senior technical personnel. In the ensuing years, he participated in construction of a number of railways, including the Sichuan-Guizhou, Guizhou- Kunming, Chengdu-Kunming and Hunan-Guizhou lines. He also participated in the China-aided construction of the railway between Tanzania and Zambia. In 1984, Sun was promoted to be vice-minister of railways and was put in charge of national planning and construction. He presided over the construction of some 10,000 km of trunk line, including the Beijing-Kowloon, Datong-Qinhuangdao, Nanning-Kunming and Hengyang-Guangzhou railways. In early 2001, Premier Zhu Rongji proposed Sun to be the deputy head of the leading group for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, taking charge of the routine work. In the document Premier Zhu signed, Sun was allowed to enjoy treatment due to a minister （instead of a vice-minister）. On June 29, 2001, when the inauguration ceremony for construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was held in Lhasa,     

Power of Religion in Rural Areas and Its Public Service （I）——An Analysis of Cases in Five Villages

In the study of socio-economic development in Tibet, one tends to stress the role of non-economic elements, especially the role of humans and social background.Of these, the role of religious culture is regarded as the most important. However, there are basically two approaches to the issue: First of all, although religion exerts a varied role on economic growth, legal construction, public welfare and ethics, one tends to each only a general judgment. Secondly, study of the role played by religion focused on the religious doctrines held by monks, and monks themselves. Although many point out the fact that religious power over people varies, it roots in the rural areas and among the folk at large is still neglected.Hence, there is the need to study individual cases.     

THE THREE PADMASAMBHAVE MASTERS

Padmasambhava was an eminent monk from the 8th Century around the area of Udyana, India(in today’s Pakistan).As a Vajrayana master and a powerful devil fighter,he inherited the spirit of"the Sect of Indra Pudi",Indian Buddhist Vajrayana,and was well known for his supernatural powers and conjuring skills.In Tibetan Buddhism,Padmasambhava is addressed respectfully as Norben Rinpoche(Master of Criterion),Guru     

中国藏传佛教研究60年(英文)

<正>Tibetan Buddhism is not only one of the two branches of Mahayana Buddhism, but also one of the two most important and evolving traditions of the contemporary Buddhism world. It has     

A Lone Islet or A Center of Communications? Shanghai in the Indian National Army Movement

Students of modem Chinese history,and modern Shanghai history in particular,tend to view Shanghai as having been a lone islet during the Pacific War,when it was cut off from other parts of the world.This article,however,argues that Shanghai was still well connected to areas under the control of the Japanese throughout the war.Using the Sikh community in Shanghai as a case,it demonstrates how the Indian National Army used both a Japanese-initiated military highway and the long-existing Indian diasporic network in Southeast and East Asia to facilitate a certain kind of mobilization.It further sheds light on how the Sikhs in Shanghai were influenced by and responded to the Indian National Army's endeavors.     

The Analysis of Lin Yutang’s Humor

Lin Yutang is called the master humorist in China.He advocates humor and spiritual literature in his magazine Lun Yu(Analects)which attracts essays and readership.His informal but polished style in both Chinese and English makes him one of the most influential writers of his generation,and his compilations and translations of classic Chinese texts into English are bestsellers in the West.Humor is a distinctive feature in his works.In his book,he uses humor as he sees appropriate,and through humor he criticizes social realities,depicts characters and introduces original expressions,etc.His humor can be related to some aspects in his life.In this paper,I will briefly analysis Lin’s sense of humor and how Lin’applies humor in his works.     

The 11th Panchen Erdeni Visits Rural Families

Editor‘s Note: In the fall of 2004, this reporter paid a visit to the Tashilhungpo Monastery where the 11th Panchen Erdeni studies Buddhism and saw how he studied, debated with others on Buddhist doctrines and gave blessing touches to worshippers. The ll th Panchen Erdeni often visited farmers and scenic spots in the area. We are going to cover his life in different issues.     

Anecdotes Regarding Humans and Bears in the North Grassland of Tibet

There are many anecdotes and legends amongst Tibetans concerning encounters between human beings, bears and marmots. One of them tells of the merciful old monkey who married an ogress and she gave birth to three brothers. The elder one was a bear with a white chest. He lived on a mountain summit and looked strong and brave. The youngest was a yellow marmot with four short legs that enabled him to move easily in and out of an underground hole. The second one was human being, and treated as the family treasure because he was smart and ingenious. Naturally, he became the family master.     

Alexander von Stael-Holstein and his Sino-Indian Institute

Alexander von Stael-Holstein （I877-I937） was a world famous Russian orientalist who, in the early part of the 2oth century, lived permanently in Beijing for various reasons.＇ On the recommendation of Hu Shi胡适, he received a teaching position at Peking University. In i929 he was formally appointed professor of Central Asian Philology at Harvard University, staying there for one academic year. Although a Harvard professor, he did not stay in the United States, but continued to live in Peking, directing his Sino-Indian Institute （SII） which he had founded in i927. After receiving the Harvard professorship, the Sino-Indian Institute became part of the Harvard-Yenching Institute （the HYI）. As he wrote, only in Beijing could he do his beloved research on Buddhist texts in Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chi- nese. At the SII, he received American students sent by the HYI, as well as young scholars from various countries who came to study Buddhist texts. This paper will present this well- known academic story, based on Stael-Holstein＇s correspondence that is preserved at the Harvard-Yenching Library, of which most is in English, but some are in German, French and Russian.     

Daniel Defoe

正Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)was born in London in a butcher's family.Like Pope,he never went to university,but he received a good education in one of the best Dissenting academies.His father had wished him to be a clergyman,but he found himself interested in business.Defoe started as a small merchant and all his life his business underwent many ups and downs,and yet he was never beaten.His quick mind,abundant     

A FAMOUS TIBETAN DOCTOR IN EAST TIBET

<正>As deputy president,he has been working in the clinical department for 12 years.His daily clinical consultations average up to 50 patients.In one year,he attends over ten thousand patients. He is Dr.Jampa Gelek,a famous senior Tibetan doctor working as deputy president in the Tibetan Hospital of Chamdo Prefecture.For many years,his outstanding medical knowledge, skills and high medical ethics are well known in the east of Tibet.     

Sacrificial Objects Related to Master Zongkapa

Buddha halls and sutra halls of monasteries are where the Tibetans pay sacrifices to the deities. In addition, the Tibetans create niches for the same purpose at home.Butter SculpturesIn 1409 Zongkapa built the Gandain Monastery and thereafter created the Gelug Sect. Upon his death, his holy stupa was built in the Gandain Monastery for public worship.Many doctrines of the Sect and many of its rituals are associated with Master Zongkapa. A case in point is the relations between him and butter sculptures.Legend has it that in the first Tibetan month of 1409, Zongkapa appeared at the Grand Summons Ceremony attended by some 10,000 monks in Lhasa. One night after hat, he had a dream seeing dried grass and trees turn into fresh flowers and thorns into bright lights, a spectacular scene.     

青藏高原最早的新石器时代村落——昌都卡若遗址的考古发现（英文）

正Along the eastern flank of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a range of lofty mountains.In a valley marked by the ceaseless flow of the Lancanjiang River is a prehistoric human settlement quietly observing the passage of time.Thousands of years have passed since the site was abandoned,and few know of its existence today.Indeed,it was only rediscovered in the 1970s,almost as if locals had to brush away the crusts on their eyes after a long night's sleep to even see it.Still,the event sent shockwaves throughout the archaeological field,and it is marked in history books as having been one of the most significant finds.Today,they are known as the Neolithic     

Old Shezang＇s Story

The Namseling Manor rests on a site by a river, south of Samye Monastery and within the boundary of Namseling Village, County of Chanang in Lhoka Prefecture. The Manor was built during the Phagdrup regime. The Namseling Manor is a model of Tibetan feudal serfdom society. As an early, large-scalemanor house built in a time when Tibetan society lived under a serf-based regime, Namseling has survived hundreds of years as a witness to the formation and development of a feudal manor. After democratic reform in Tibet, the Namseling Manor stood deserted for more than half a century. The present manor, no longer what it once was, has embraced many life stories, including that of Shezang. The now elderly Shezang was born in Nagqu in 1927. Both his parents were servants in the nobleman＇s household. At 14 he was taken to Lhasa to work as a babysitter. The next year his parents passed away one by one. A fellow villager told him the news when he returned to Namseling at 26. Shezang has a younger sisterbut they were separated in Nagqu when both were still young. They never met again.     

Buddhist Manifestations of Patriotism during the Korean War

A great deal of research on the Korean War has focused on the military, politics, economy and international affairs, and far less on the religious, particularly the Buddhist, perspective. The Korean War exerted a tremendous impact on institutional Buddhism, and consequently Buddhists were heavily involved. This paper examines the history of Chinese Buddhist participation in the ＂Resisting America and Assisting Korea Campaign＂ from Buddhist perspectives such as political propaganda, material donations especially the donation of the ＂Chinese Buddhist Airplane,＂ and the enlistment of young monks into the People＇s Volunteer Army （the PVA）. The paper will then look into social and political factors involved in Buddhist leaders＇ reinterpretation of Buddhist doctrines to justify participation in the campaign, as a response to the surge of patriotism in Chinese society. This kind of investigation may shed light on the relationship between institutional Buddhism and politics in the new socialist society of China after 1949.     

Chairman Jiang Zemin Encouraged Me to Cultivate More Land

After the peaceful liberation of Tibet（in particular the opening up）,Nyima Ngodrup,by maintaining his genuinely diligent and honest disposition,immediately played a significant role in local grain production and his family became one of the biggest grain-growing households.He was even cited as the national labor model.In 1990,when Chairman Jiang Zemin visited Shigatse,he met Nyima Ngodrup and encouraged him to cultivate more land.Up to this time the former serf who could never previously dare to look his master of the Shika in the face,was for the first time experiencing the feeling of ownership before the State leader.