说汉阳陵"罗经石"遗址的建筑设计

This article discusses the architectural plan of the so-celled“ Stone of Compass“ Site of the Han Dynasty, Located in the south of the mausoleum of Han Emperor Jing. Based on new archaeological finds published in recent years, the author concludes three points: First, the square building on the site is very similar to the design of the board of Liu Bo game that was very popular in the Han dynasty; Second, it also is closely related to the design of the Han mirror with Liu Bo pattern; Third,this site has a similar layout to a famous ritual building,i.e.Wang Mang‘s Ming Tang Hall.Finally, the author explores the nature of this site, and suggests that it should be the Mausoleum Temple of Han Emperor Jing, i.e.De Yang Temple, indicating that there is a close relationship between the early plan of the Ming Tang Hall before Emperor Jing and later Mausoleum temples.     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TIBETAN AND HAN OPERAS

Tibetan opera is an ethnic and unique theatrical genre in the system of Chinese operas. All the ethnic operas in China are directly or indirectly akin to Han operas, so is Tibetan opera. As a member of the big family, Tibetan opera necessarily absorbs some artistic nutrition from other Chinese operas. As a result, it acquires the common style and some common formal characteristics of Chinese national operas as a whole. The generality just lies on the level of cultural genre and overall flavor, however. As for the entity of the theatrical art itself, Tibetan opera is basically and independently derived from Tibetan culture and art except for some indirect influences from Han operas. During Emperor Qiaulong＇s reign, some leaders of the Qing troops stationed in Tibet used to organize soldiers from Shaanxi and Gansu to perform Shaanxi opera in the army In the period of the Republic of China, the office of Commission on Mongolian and Tibetan affairs in Lhasa promoted opera performance to celebrate victory in the Anti-Japanese War, New Year＇s celebrations,     

关于牛河梁遗址的重新认识－－非单一的文化遗存以及“文明的曙光”之商榷

The discovery of the Niuheliang site aroused a lively discussion on the origin of Chinese civilization. The “Temple of Goodess“ and stone barrows with jades on the site involve two periods, i.e.the Neolithic Hongshan Culture and the Lower Xiajiadian Culture of the Bronze Age. This is especially evident judging from the bronzes and smelting vestiges revealed there. Therefore, this is especially evident judging from the bronzes and smelting vestiges revealed there. Therefore, the hypothesis of “dawn of civilization“ or “primitive civiliation“ and the like should not be used to summarize the social nature of the Hongshan Culture.     

湘江下游商代“混合型”青铜器问题之我见

Hundreds of fine bronzes of Shang Dynasty were unearthed at the lower-reaches of Xiang River. There are two opinions on those bronzes, which have features both of local feature and Shang‘s feature, one is called nmixedn bronzes, another “local” bronzes. Based on the modeling method, patterns, ware series, buried characters of the bronzes and the archaeological culture at the lower-reaches of Xiang River, the author comes to a conclusion that the exception of “local” bronzes can reflect the true history moreaccurately than that of “mixed” bronzes.     

BUILDING FENCES,CROSSING BARRIERS

It was late August, and the weather already turned chilly on the grasslands of Changtang.In our project site we were guiding local villagers on how to build up fences around their sheepfolds and homes. This measure was necessary following the increasing records of human-wildlife conflict threatening the survival of wild bears in the region.     

Lhasa Basked in Sunshine

According to the records, there were 31 cities sited in the Lhasa area and 17 cities in the Xigaze area during the long history of Tibet. "City" actually meant "castle", and the fact is that there were no cities in the real meaning of the word. In some places, large or small pillboxes were built for human habitation without any streets, or even lanes, or surrounding city walls.     

Beyond Exemplar Tales: Women's Biography in Chinese History

This volume brings together accounts of biographies of women covering a span of history from the Han dynasty to the mid-twentieth century.Its aim is to define and provide interpretive clues on the genre.It is,as the editors Joan Judge and Hu Ying point out,partly a study of epistemology,as many of the authors grapple with the issue of whether or not historians can claim to know the lives,including the inner worlds,of Chinese women through time,using biographical information.That seems to me a bit of a "straw wo/man," for knowledge of historical subjects is always mediated by sources.Nonetheless,the contributors,writing from the perspective of history or literature studies,bring a wide variety of viewpoints to bear on questions of the usefulness of women's biography for understanding changes in society,and in the process introduce some fascinating Chinese women.     

Ancient Rock Art at the Mouth of Trango Go

Trangu Go is located in the County of Kongkar,around the midstream area of the Yarlung Tsangpo River.It is a triangular ravine extending from South to North for 13 kilometers.One side faces the river;the other has mountains on three sides.In Trangu Go,archaeologists have discovered a Neolithic Tibetan site containing some barley seeds which are by far the earliest relics in Tibet.Since then, this ravine has acquired a reputation.On a sunny,golden autumn day,my old partner     

“MARRYING” TIBET

<正>Editor's Note:Han Shuli,modern painter and first-class national artist,has worked on art in Tibet since 1973.He has worked on quite a number of paintings on Tibet,and is honored as the"leading figure of the Tibet highland school of painting".It is often said that disposition decides destiny or your hobby foretells your fate.I do not entirely agree with this.For my part,before I was 25,it had never occurred to me that my life would have any     

Picturing Heaven in Early China

In Picturing Heaven in Early China,a consideration of the symbolism of Heaven in early Chinese culture,Lillian Lan-ying Tseng examines the evolution of a pictorial language for the expression of "religious" ideals.By analyzing the architectural,material and literary evidence from the Han dynasty,the author traces the trajectory of Han thought from its first concerns with the notion of Heaven and the involvement of the emperor,to the growing desire for personal immortality at all levels.The book comprises five chapters,which plot the development of Han thought and images of heaven.This is a complex and well-researched examination,whose depth and detail can only be suggested here.     

THE MYSTERY OF Leshan Tombs

Leshan is the name of a peak in Nang County, Tibet. At its foot is Lecun Village, home to some 20 households.In the summer of 1993, a group of Beijing and Lhasa archaeologists reached Lecun, which is surrounded by up to 100 tombs. These have been largely ignored for more than 1,000 years. The archaeologists worked on the site for about one month. The tombs spread along a mountain slope. To the south is the Jindongqu River that flows from east to west, emptying into the Yarlung Zangbo Riv…     

THE SED-FESTIVAL AND ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY

The problem of the periodic character of the sod-festival, as with other aspects of this mysterious ceremony, has long been discussed and is still the subject of debate. This ritual was intended to be celebrated by the king, normally after a reign of thirty years had elapsed -- the so-called ＂thirty-year principle,＂ --which is taken by general consent to be a significant feature of the sed-festival. Yet, there is disagreement as to how to use records relating to the sed-festival in chronological studies on account of the fact that a number of records of the sed-festival are dated prior to the thirtieth regnal year of the king. Due to our hunger and need for datable sources, none the less, historians cannot always resist the temptation to assess the length of a king＇s reign on the basis of the sed-festival records, sometimes even though only scant evidence is available.     

陕西丹凤县巩家湾遗址发掘简报

The Gongjiawan site.about 1200m^2, locates at Chafang township of Danfeng county. According to the stratigraphical deposits and the characteristics of the cuhural relics,Gongjiawan site can be mainly divided into three phases. The first phase is Yangshao Culture. The second is early period of Longshan Culture,which is discovered in the uper reaches of Danjing River for the first time,the discovery fills an important gap in developing alignment of archaeological cultures in this region. The third belongs to the middle--late era of the Western Zhou,which is different from that of the corresponding period of Guanzhong district, while is closed to that of Chu culture of the corresponding period of Hubei Province. The discovery is important for us to explore the distribution of Chu culture and cultural relation between Western Zhou and Chu ,at that lime.     

Who Said, “Confucius Composed the Chunqiu”? ——The Genealogy of the “Chunqiu” Canon in the Pre-Han and Han Periods

It is often said that “Confucius composed the Chunqiu 春秋 (The Spring and Autumn Annals) to convey the way of the king.” Scholars have long noticed that before the founding of and during the Han Dynasty the phrase that served as the title of the allegedly Confucian work, “Chunqiu,” was also often used to designate history in general. In what intellectual and textual contexts did the term evolve from something general into a specific concept associated with Confucius? What works or ideas did pre-Han and Han scholars have in mind when discussing Confucius’s Chunqiu and the broader “Chunqiu” canon?1 Exploring these questions, the study that follows begins by systematically documenting the occurrences of this term in pre-Han and Han texts. It demonstrates that while Mencius was the first person to associate Confucius’s teachings with the Chunqiu, his statement was a solitary and surprising voice in the pre-Han era. Not until the Western Han Dynasty was Confucius widely heralded as the creator of the Chunqiu. But few scholars are aware that Western Han scholars never strictly distinguished the laconic Chunqiu from the detailed historical knowledge preserved in the Gongyang 公羊, Guliang 谷梁, and Zuo 左 commentaries. Furthermore, as the Chunqiu gained canonical status, the phrase still served as a generic term, referring to various historical narratives. Zhang Xuecheng 章学诚 is famous for claiming that “The Six Classics are all history,” and I shall show that in the minds of the people of the Han Dynasty, all historical works were classics.     

Celestial Burial Masters

Celestial burial is worshipped in Tibet as the highest pursuit of life. Of three elements indispens-- able for celestial burial-celestial rock (also known as altar), cinereous vultures, and masters of celestial burial, celestial burial masters are the most mysteriously important.RitualsUpon invitation from relatives of the dead, the celestial burial master goes to investigate how the dead died. According to Tibetan customs, those who are cut to death, shot to death or die of poison or contagious diseases are not allowed to be celestially buried.     

论蒙古鹿石的年代及相关问题

The Deer Stone is an important cultural remain which is scattered a lot in Mongolia, Mainly in the west and northwest areas. It is also found in the Eurasian grasslands but very little in quantity. as for its age, there exist many different views for a long time. Actually the Deer stone displays a way of personification of stone statue, so we usually can find carved weapons and tools on the waist of it. Nevertheless, we can deduce the age according to these carvings. Archaeological discoveries in the northern-grasslands of China show that the carvings on Deer stone are all the typical vessels that were very popular in the late Shang period. Such as the beast-headed or bell-headed short sword with curved handle, the beast-headed sword with upright blade dagger, the ring-headed or double ring-headed short sword, the mushroom-headed short sword, the tub-shaped htchet, the arrow-shaped vessels and etc. Thus lead us to the conclustion that most of the Deer Stones must be of the late Bronze Age(11-7BC).As for the Deer stone culture‘s Similarity in some aspects to that of cultures like Lijiaya, Weiyingzi, third phase of Weifang culture or Xiajiadian culture in the north parts of China, that reflects the northern grasslands bronze culture of China left a strong influence on the cultures of Mongolia.     

唐高力士墓发掘简报

Gao Lishi is the most celeberated eunuch in China‘s history. He served the emperor Tang Xuan zong(Li longji) all his life, and gained almost the first rank official position.At 762 A.D.,he was died in his 73, and was buried near the emperor‘s mausoleum named Tai Ling next year, which located at Shanxi village, Pucheng county. The tomb composed of a vamp, four narrow patios-like spaces, three passages, six niches, a brick corridor and tomb chamber, simple murals were painted on the both side of the ramp, the corridor and the chamber wall, but most of them were destroyed. Fancy patterns were carved on the surfuces of the stone tomb-gate and the stone coffin bed. More than two handred pottery statues were found in the miches, including housemen, servants and animals such as horses, pigs, camels, dogs, rabbits and so on. Some bones found in the coffin bed have been authenticated that belong to a man older than sixty. It is unusaal that the epitaph stone is vectangular. The epitaph narrated Gao‘s original name, ancestry, feats, official positions and his fanmily,ect. Excavation of this tomb provide valuable date for the research of Tang dynasty history, and we can see that Gao Lishi was down and out at his death from the tomb structure and the relics.     

Yanjin on the Tea-Horse Trade

Fetching salt water from wells, digging a saltwater pond, putting up salt shelters, and sun-drying the water to produce saltThis is the traditional way of making salt still adopted by many people in Yanjin.Yanjin in Mangkang County is so named to match the fact that the area is filled with yan (salt) jin (wells).During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), a county was set up here to supervise salt production. According to Records of Yanjin County, there were some 50 salt wells in Yanjin at that time. They     

Tackett,Nicolas, The Destruction of the Medieval Chinese Aristocracy

It is generally held that a small number of great or aristocratic clans, flourishing from the third to the ninth century, disappeared from the received historical record around the tenth century. Despite meticulous studies by several generations of scholars, the transformation of social order remains one of the most contested areas of Chinese history. This book revisits the fall of such clans. Based on extensive historical data, including an exhaustive survey of epitaphs from the ninth century, it proposes a series of interpretative frameworks that provide a fresh take on various social and political changes.