吴

【掌门人】孙权【主要人物】周瑜鲁肃吕蒙陆逊黄盖程普【所属领地】主要在长江以南直至南海部分,为今浙江、福建、广东、广西、湖南及安徽、江苏的部分。虽然从领土上看,魏国是最强大的,拥有当时的三分之二土地。不过吴国也不逊色,吴拥有江东八十一州和荆襄诸郡,     

诸葛亮不谏刘备伐吴的究竟

三国时期吴蜀夷陵之战,是一个决定双方强弱、动摇三分局面的大战役。战争的起因是:公元219年,孙权乘蜀魏交兵襄樊、南郡空虚之机,派吕蒙偷袭江陵,擒杀关羽,全据荆州。公元221年,刘备“耻关羽之没”,率众四万余人伐吴,吴以陆逊督师五万御之,两军对垒于夷陵。最后,陆逊以火攻破蜀兵四十余营,“备夜遁,仅得入白帝城。其舟船器械水步军资,一时略尽”。弄得实力大伤益州疲惫,蜀汉政权严重削弱。在刘备起兵之前,“群臣谏者甚众,汉主皆不听。广汉处士秦宓     

孙权自身缺点的消极影响

三国时期,孙权继承父亲孙坚和哥哥孙策打下的基业,据有江东,建立吴国,史称“东吴”,孙权就是吴国的开国皇帝。这样一来,孙权就成了当时吴国最高层的领导人。但是,作为一个国家的最高领导人,孙权这个人的性格中有着好几个重大的缺点,这些缺点对于吴国各项事业的发展产生了消极的影响。     

从政区建置看吴国在长江沿线的攻防策略——以吴、魏对峙为背景的考察

自孙策渡江,经过孙策、孙权两位吴主溯江而上的拓境,吴国实现了"全据长江"以割据一方的立国蓝图。三国鼎立期间,吴、蜀以联盟为主,吴国西境处于相对稳定状态,战争集中在与魏国对峙的江淮、江汉之间。吴、魏对峙中,吴国依托长江,通过相关政区建置,在"竟长江所及"的地理优势下,积极经营江北防线,以取得"固国江外"的战略优势,同时配合江南沿江的指挥中枢、滨江防御和后勤补给,兼顾中、下游之势,充分发挥地缘优势,有效利用长江这一天然屏障,与北方政权长期对峙。本文即以吴、魏对峙为背景,考察吴国沿江政区建置中的军事方略。     

商榷与正误

商榷与正误林作民一、孙权于何地建国翦伯赞主编的《中国史纲要》第２４９页载：“公元２２９年,孙权在建业称帝,建立吴国。”全国统编教材《中国历史》第一册第１５５──１５６页;“公元２２２年,孙权也称王,国号吴,定都建业。至此,三国鼎立的局面形成。”这里有...     

生子当如孙仲谋

<正>赤壁大战后,从建安十四年(公元209年)至建安二十四年(公元219年)间,孙权、曹操两家曾数次相互攻守于合肥,二度战于濡须口(今安徽巢县东南)。建安十八年(公元213年):"正月,操进军濡须口,攻破孙权     

赤壁之战中的张昭

《资治通鉴》详细叙述了赤壁之战前夕孙刘联盟结成的全过程,还特别介绍了孙权集团内部主战、主和两派的争议。作为江东重臣之一的张昭是主和派的代表人物,他这样劝告孙权：“曹公,豺虎也,挟天子以征四方,动以朝廷为辞。今日拒之,事更不顺。     

三国吴钱初探

三国吴从公元211年孙权定都建业(南京)起,至280年亡,历时六十九年。可是,关于吴国货币的文献记载却极少,这就给研究带来诸多困难。近些年来,一大批吴国、两晋墓葬以及钱币窖藏等考古发现,陆续提供和补充了一些吴国钱币的实物资料。缘此,本文试就吴钱的流通、铸造及其历史的评价等,提出一些粗浅的看法,希望得到同志们的批评指正。     

繁昌汤家山西周墓的再认识

繁昌汤家山西周墓是一座高等级的吴国墓葬。通过对长江下游西周至春秋时期吴国墓葬的等级规模和出土青铜器的比较研究,汤家山西周墓与丹徒烟墩山、荞麦山西周墓和北山顶、青龙山春秋墓属同一等级的墓葬,皆为吴王之墓;根据汤家山西周墓主身份和墓地位置推测,《左传》记载的"鸠兹"应为西周晚期的吴国都城。     

“赤壁之战”应为江汉之战

吴佑和在《南充师院学报》1985年第3期撰文认为,有人把“赤壁之战”改称“乌林之战”虽有一定道理,但并不确切。他根据《三国志·吴志·吴志传》中一段为人所忽略的史料看,“赤壁之战”应为“江汉之战”。首先,孙、刘联军继赤壁初胜后,又组织了乌林火攻战,水陆并进,占夷陵,围江陵,奋战不已。孙权、张昭在淮南开辟第二战场,迫使曹操自荆州撤兵。在江汉地区有一连串的战役行动,其整体性是不可分的。所以说,“赤壁之     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.