Pricing Road Congestion: Recent Evidence from Singapore

The role of road pricing in travel demand management and congestion mitigation has been gaining support in many countries. Although the theory of congestion pricing is persuasive and straightforward, successful application of road pricing mandates that congestion externalities be estimated. Using data from a recent traffic survey in Singapore, this paper estimates congestion prices for alternative time values and vehicle types. These estimates are compared with the existing cost of area licenses, from which implications for economic efficiency and resource allocation are drawn.     

随仲嬭加鼎的时代特征及其他

随仲嬭加鼎的发现具有重要意义,但其非考古发掘品,需要考察其制作年代。在楚系青铜器大背景下,本文通过对该鼎器形、纹饰、铭文以及工艺等时代特征的观察,并对比分析相关楚系青铜器,认为该鼎制作年代在春秋中期无疑。     

Probing A Traffic Congestion Controversy: A Comment

Ohta (2001) claims to have resolved a die-hard controversy on traffic congestion modeling by defining an inverse aggregate demand function that has traffic density as its argument—in Ohta's terminology the 'primitive term.'Using this demand function, Ohta shows that 'hypercongestion' may very well be an optimal stationary state. This contribution argues that at least if what road users demand is completed trips, and if time spent on the road while traveling implies a cost, then Ohta's approach is fundamentally flawed. Also the conclusion that hypercongestion can be optimal is no longer valid.     

饭店收益管理的定价决策研究

继20世纪70年代收益管理在航空业大量运用并收到良好成效后,收益管理便作为一种先进的管理方法被越来越多的饭店所接受。而在饭店收益管理诸多方面中,价格问题是最为重要、灵活和敏感的,价格决策的成功与否直接关系到收益管理运用的成败。本文以饭店收益管理的定价问题为研究对象,在界定饭店收益管理概念的基础上尝试建立饭店收益管理定价决策模型。     

略论甲骨文中的“邦”、“封”及相关问题

甲骨文中有"邦"、"封"二字,分别从"田"从"土",其字迹清晰可辨,判然有别.王国维<古籀疏证>云:"案:古封、邦一字"[1].此说一出,学界认同者甚众.李实<甲骨文丛考·释封>云:"古邦封一字,田土通作"[2].徐中舒主编的<甲骨文字典>说:"王国维以为……古封邦为一字.     

谈张家山汉简《秩律》简452之“襄城”及相关问题

学界普遍认为张家山汉简《秩律》简452之"襄城"乃《汉书·地理志》上郡襄洛县之讹误。本文结合秦国上郡兵器铭文、赵国尖足布币铭文,指出战国后期秦国上郡辖有襄城县,秦封泥所见"襄城"亦即此地。上郡襄城县地处今陕西省榆林市境内,与《汉书·地理志》上郡襄洛县没有任何关系。     

Probing A Traffic Congestion Controversy: Density and Flow Scrutinized

Probing a die-hard traffic congestion controversy, this paper scrutinizes two key variables, density and flow, under equilibrium versus optimal states. Optimization requires equilibrium flow to decrease under mild congestion, but increase under hyper-congestion. However, both increasing flow needed under hypercongestion and decreasing flow needed under mild congestion should be accompanied by decreasing density. Thus, inflow of vehicles should always be discouraged to either increase or decrease flow of vehicles for economic efficiency. Moreover, even when optimal policy requires equilibrium flow to increase, the optimal flow itself must decrease eventually as demand increases beyond a critical level.     

当代美国大都市区交通拥堵的治理措施

20世纪70年代以来,交通拥堵已经成为美国大都市区最严重的社会问题之一,因而受到各级政府和社会各界越来越多的关注。为了解决交通拥堵及其产生的社会危害,美国各级政府、民间团体和私人企业等采取了一系列措施,比如扩建公路、发展公共交通、推行共同乘车计划、建立高密度混合开发且公交友好的社区等。然而实施这些措施并没有有效地缓解交通拥堵问题,其根本症结在于汽车、公路和城市低密度蔓延这三者间的互动关系没有得到根本的改善。     

石窟寺保护关键科学问题及关键技术探讨

石窟寺遗存面临着风化、水患、失稳三大问题.我国的石窟寺保护工作还没有形成完整的学科体系,概念也不规范,文物保护精细工程地质学是石窟寺保护关键科学问题和石窟寺学科体系建设的理论基础.石窟寺保护亟需解决的关键技术难点如下:石窟寺风化病害危害程度评估标准的基础问题、水患渗流网络的精细探测关键技术问题、风化病害防治与本体修复适...     

论白燕文化及其相关问题

山西中、南部在中国古代史上占据着十分重要的位置,晚商时期,这个地区存在较多的北方族群,春秋以后这里又是戎狄活动的重要场所.但是,长期以来,学界对于这个地区夏商时期的考古学遗存的文化归属以及这些遗存的源流存在较大分歧或不甚明了.所以,对这个地区夏商时期的考古学遗存进行深入探讨显得十分必要.     

石制品原料的分类命名及相关问题讨论

现有证据表明,人类历史可以追溯到二三百万年之前。在这段漫长的时期里,有文字记载的“文明史”不过五六千年或稍长一点,而绝大部分为无文字记载的“史前史”,即考古学上的石器时代。人类史前时期主要工具是石块制作的石器,同稀少、残缺和难得的人类化石相比,正在以几何级数的势头增加出土的石制品,在研究人类起源与演化问题上的作用越来越显得重要。     

试论班村仰韶文化遗存的分期及相关问题

班村遗址位于河南省渑池县东北50多公里的南村乡班村,北靠黄河,西临涧河,处于两河交汇处的二级台地上。东西长300米,南北宽150米,面积约4．5万平方米。从1991年起中国历史博物馆等十余家单位联合组成考古队,连续6年对该遗址进行大规模的综合发掘与研究。已发掘面积达5000余平方米,获得了大批实物资料和一些新收获,基本搞清了遗址的文化序列及各期文化遗存的分布状况,多学科综合研究也取得了一些进展。     

再论汉语“博物院”一词的产生与流传——兼谈E考据的某些问题

1838年刊行的《美理哥合省国志略》中有"博物院"一词,目前所见当是汉语中最早出现"博物院"之处,较《四洲志》中的"博物馆"提前了三年。经过考证,此处的"博物院"或指1828年对外开放的美国费城自然科学学会博物馆,此馆亦标志着美国以博物馆为基础的自然史研究开端。中国近代早期博物馆史料零散,通过网络数据库得到若干孤立资料,如若不返回原始语境解读文本,而仅从字面望文生义,牵强勾串,进而试图得到一个大结论,无疑是一种危险的做法。     

稻盛和夫经营哲学学习讨论会纪要（二）

2007年12月30日,在日本研究所“稻盛和夫经营哲学研究”的课堂上,组织了第二次小型的学习讨论会,日本研究所的硕士研究生丁飞、蔡晓陶、李小舟、顾鸿鹄、李波、李淑芬等参加讨论,本文由钟放根据记录整理。     

农村宅基地管理：问题与对策

随着我国社会经济的快速发展和城市化、城镇化进程的加快,涉及农村宅基地的矛盾日益突出,已成为影响农村社会安定的重要因素。当前农村宅基地管理上存在着人均宅基地面积超标、村庄建设缺乏合理化规划、＂空心村＂、制度设计有重大缺陷等一系列问题,在此背景下,需要采取如下措施,即：加强宅基地立法体系建设,规范宅基地管理;严格宅基地规划、审批管理;完善农村宅基地流转制度;加强土地执法。     

Lights and Shadows of Urban Water Demand Management: The Case of the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona

The economic, social, and environmental limits of supplying water to metropolitan areas through conventional means (reservoirs, water transfers, etc.) have resulted in growing consideration of demand management actions as well as in the use of non-conventional sources of supply. In terms of demand management, economic instruments (pricing and taxes), domestic water-saving technologies, and educational campaigns to encourage water saving during periods of drought have received special attention. While demand management policies have an effect on conserving water and therefore should be welcome, they present problems and uncertainties as well. Using the example of the metropolitan region of Barcelona, in this article I argue that water demand management policies may be insufficient for reaching their ultimate goal of controlled water consumption when confronted with structural changes in urban development such as the expansion of low-density growth, the multiplication of the number of households, or gains in income, all of which lead to a potentially greater demand for water. This calls for more integration of water policies with land use and urban development policies.     

A Preamble to Family Policy: Issues of the Past and Present

The subject of family appears appropriately related to social policy, since family functions interface with society so closely. Moreover, U.S. families have been changing rapidly enough in this decade to warrant new attention to policy development. Public and political interest in family policy has been growing. Yet, historical barriers to government targeting family issues for policy development abound. While some intellectual, organizational, and bureaucratic mobilization has occurred, producing broad family policy declarations, interest groups are in the process of positioning themselves differentially, and disagreement about the value of explicit family policy is on the increase. The author believes that family policy will develop slowly in the D.S., and that comprehensive and cohesive family policy can better be considered a goal rather than a readily implemented public activity.     

对酒店管理合同受托方激励约束机制相关理论问题的探讨

本文从对酒店管理合同受托方激励约束问题的由来入手,结合新制度经济学的相关理论探讨对酒店管理合同受托方激励约束机制研究的理论价值和现实意义,在此基础上,针对构建对酒店管理合同受托方激励约束机制的研究,提出了相应的理论基础体系.