A Lone Islet or A Center of Communications? Shanghai in the Indian National Army Movement

Students of modem Chinese history,and modern Shanghai history in particular,tend to view Shanghai as having been a lone islet during the Pacific War,when it was cut off from other parts of the world.This article,however,argues that Shanghai was still well connected to areas under the control of the Japanese throughout the war.Using the Sikh community in Shanghai as a case,it demonstrates how the Indian National Army used both a Japanese-initiated military highway and the long-existing Indian diasporic network in Southeast and East Asia to facilitate a certain kind of mobilization.It further sheds light on how the Sikhs in Shanghai were influenced by and responded to the Indian National Army's endeavors.     

LETTERS SENT FAR AWAY

正I was 13 years old in 1985 when I was selected as one of the first students to go to school in mainland China.I passed my exams and was sent to a province in the northeast to finish my education,and a great number of vast mountain ranges and rivers separated me from my mother.     

Mining Gold in Tibet──COMPILING THE “TIBETAN FOLKTALE”

fell in love with Tibetan folktales while at university. Iread many books, and became attached to that remoteregion.To my satisfsction, I was given a job in Tibet upon graduation. In the first eight years of my Stay, I worked for aTibetan art troupe. I learned to speak Tibetan and live in aTibetan style, gaining a better understanding of Tibetanhistory, religion, culture, folklore and arts, and made manyTibetan friends. During this period, I gathered manyTibetan folktales.COLLECTING …     

Anecdotes Regarding Humans and Bears in the North Grassland of Tibet

There are many anecdotes and legends amongst Tibetans concerning encounters between human beings, bears and marmots. One of them tells of the merciful old monkey who married an ogress and she gave birth to three brothers. The elder one was a bear with a white chest. He lived on a mountain summit and looked strong and brave. The youngest was a yellow marmot with four short legs that enabled him to move easily in and out of an underground hole. The second one was human being, and treated as the family treasure because he was smart and ingenious. Naturally, he became the family master.     

TIBET'S LAST CARAVAN WITH TRANSPORTING SALT(Ⅵ)——Last Reunion Supper and Kitchen God in Legend

After resting overnight in Banggo County, we were completely refreshed.We did not go back by the outward route but selected a short cut. Although the distance was shorter, the condition was worse-three small mountains to be crossed. After climbing over the first mountain and going down the slope, we soon arrived at the foot of the second mountain. There was a steep mountain pass before us. The vehicle was climbing and moving slowly upward with the engine laboring. This place was also the lau…     

AN ANCIENT NINE-STOREY TOWER IN THE SAMKHAR GUTHOK MONASTERY——An Archeological Study in Lhozhag

Samkhar Guthok, a famous and historic monastery, is situated in a mountain valley in Sai Town of Lhozhag County where it is an isolated paradise surrounded by thick forest and a splendid landscape. In order to take a panoramic picture of the sunrise over the Samkhar Guthok Monastery, the archeological team got up very early, accompanied by Lozang, the director of the Bureau of Ethnic and Religious Affairs for Lhozhag County, and climbed to the top of a mountain where the ancient monastery could be easily seen from above. The view before us was unique and magnificent.     

Tibetan Mastiffs in Yushu

A Tibetan Mastiff-Tanggya When I was a teenager,my family had a baby mastiff.Because a lock natural of white hair decorated the mastiff's chest,he was given the name"Tanggya".I remember Tanggya was a big dog when I was still a little girl. Whenever he stood on his hind legs,he seemed as tall as my father.When guests came to visit,he always jumped on them and barked constantly. Only my father could briefly calm him down,and nobody amongst our siblings dared to get close to him.Tanggya was never released u...     

生机勃勃的藏东南（英文）

正It was not long ago that I took National Highways 318,212,and 317 to get to Nyingchi and Chamdo and conduct various interviews.The place is a mysterious land in the southeastern reaches of Tibet,and while I was there,I saw development and vitality everywhere as a result of the prosperity sweeping across the region.     

生机勃勃的藏东南

It was not long ago that I took National Highways 318,212,and 317 to get to Nyingchi and Chamdo and conduct various interviews.The place is a mysterious land in the southeastern reaches of Tibet,and while I was there,I saw development and vitality everywhere as a result of the prosperity sweeping across the region.     

TIBET’S LAST CARAVAN WITH TRANSPORTING SALT (IV)——WORKING WHILE SINGING

When the director woke us early in the morning, twinkling stars filled the sky amid dead silence; the mountains could be seen dimly snaking away to the far horizon. We drove to the Salt Lake. The distance was only a little over 10 km, but the way was blocked by a river and the road was rough. So, we all began to judge the direction and searched for the little path leading to the Salt Lake. Northern Tibet in the early spring was still covered with ice and snow. We continued to walk along the…     

"九品官人法"中的"中正"

“九品官人法”,是魏晋南北朝时期重要的选举制度。“中正”是“九品官人”过程中具体负责对士人进行察访、品评、定次的最基层组织。九品官人法创立之初,就设立了州中正、郡中正、县中正。曹芳时期,各级中正始有大、小之分。中正在“访举”士人的同时,还有表率乡里、敦行教化、化民正俗之责。中正是非专门性的、地方性的组织。除中正之外,实施“九品官人”的机构还有司徒府、尚书省吏部和中书省。它们各司其职,又相互制约。学界将“九品官人法”误称为“九品中正制”,因而夸大了“中正”地位作用,严重影响了对该制度的正确认识,应该予以纠正。     

Seventeenth century concepts of "apoplexy" as reflected in Bonet's "Sepulchretum"

The term "apoplexy," which has been in use since antiquity, referred to a catastrophic illness with an abrupt loss of consciousness and a frequently fatal outcome. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries scholastic approaches that relied on authorities were merging with an observational approach to medicine and Galen's speculation that apoplexy was due to an accumulation of phlegm or black bile in the cerebral ventricles began to be seriously challenged. The most extensive collection of case reports with autopsies published in the seventeenth century was Theophile Bonet's Sepulchretum sive Anatomia Practica. Section 2 of Book I of the Sepulchretum contains 70 case reports of patients that died with the diagnosis of apoplexy. The scholia in this section provide an idea for the modern reader of the notions physicians had of apoplexy in the seventeenth century. The Sepulchretum was an important book for physicians of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It played an important role in the development of modern medicine and it was an important foundation for Morgagni's De Sedibus et Causis Morborum. This essay reviews the pathological findings reported in victims of apoplexy and examines the views concerning the symptomatology, pathogenesis, etiology, and treatment of this condition that were prevalent at that time.     

近年来学术界对"封建"及"封建社会"问题的反思

在新时期,越来越多的学者认为中国只有在西周时期才有封建制。从秦到晚清的社会不应被称为“封建社会”。在这一阶段,社会状况与西欧中世纪的封建社会并不相同,也与斯大林所概括的以经济为特征的封建社会有较大的距离。他们批评滥用“封建”的现象,并力图用新的概念来代替“封建社会”,用新的理论体系描述从秦到晚清的历史。一些学者还注意到,中国古代社会的主要矛盾不能简单地归结为地主阶级与农民阶级的矛盾。可以预料,关于封建社会的认识必将有重大的突破。     

说甲骨卜辞中的“伯■”

多数专家都将商末小臣墙刻辞中的"白■"理解为"白麟"。这种看法并不符合先秦古文字的特点,是有问题的。其实,小臣墙刻辞中的"白■"就是伯■,是■族之伯。其得名与■地有关。     

《困学纪闻》元刻本考述

《困学纪闻》是宋末元初学者王应麟撰写的札记考证之文,在我国古文献学史上占有重要地位。此书在元代有两种刻本,一种是有明确时间记载的、序跋完备的元泰定二年刻本,一种是没有明确时间记载的、序跋不完备的刻本。清代藏书家多怀疑他们手中的元泰定二年刻本为明刻本,而无序跋本才是真正的元泰定刻本。但是通过考察、分析中日藏书家的藏书志,《困学纪闻》在元代确有前述两种刻本,二者在内容上是一致的,只是刊刻时间、版本形式不同,真正的元泰定刻本现藏日本,国内所藏元本只有无序跋本,而所谓的“元泰定本”其实是明翻刻本。     

"善良"与"人性"的质疑--大冈升平的《俘虏记》主题批判

《俘虏记》是日本战后文学中具有广泛影响的反映日本侵略战争的作品之一。小说中,作家以主人公“我”没有向美国士兵开枪为主要情节,说明作为侵略士兵的“我”是“善良的”和“有人性的”。这显然是在为日本士兵的侵略罪行辩解。通读作品,我们会发现,主人公“我”之所以没有开枪,是因为想不被追击的美军发现,保全自己的生命。显然,作家在这里偷换了概念,其用心是为了掩盖日本侵略军的野蛮行径。因此,对这篇小说的错误战争认知理念。我们应当以批判的态度来分析。     

The "Lone Dissenter"

The tenure of Associate Justice—and later Chief Justice—William H. Rehnquist on the Supreme Court spanned more than three decades. Despite his public importance, he was a quite private man. During his time on the Court, relatively few accounts appeared of what life was like inside the Rehnquist chambers, especially during his years as an Associate Justice. In the aftermath of his death last fall, former clerks have begun to reminisce about what it was like to clerk for him.     

庄子“真人”思想考论

庄子《大宗师》集中出现了四则有关＂真人＂的论述。＂真人＂思想具有丰富的内涵。作为庄子自身理想人格的画像,＂真人＂等同于＂至人＂。真人一旦上升到＂道＂的层面,又等同于＂神人＂。真人思想的矛盾性源自《庄子》一书内容的复杂性。作为天道哲学的真人,其思想源自《道德经》、《山海经》等典籍;作为生命哲学的真人,源自《黄帝内经》、《周易》等。由后者形成一种＂葆真＂的生命哲学观,产生了积极而深远的影响。     

论中国古代的"五帝时代"

中国是世界上四大文明古国之一,历史悠久,在研究中国古代历史的时候,首先涉及的一个问题是文明时代从何时开始？什么时候出现统一的国家？夏代以前的社会怎么称号？这些问题看起来很简单,实际上很复杂,一时难以统一。从大量的文献记载和新的考古发现看,已经为我们探索和解决这些问题提供了大批资料,我认为：中国古代文明时代应该从黄帝开始,这个时代应该叫“五帝时代”。 “五帝时代” 是中国古史中的一时代,《史记》、《竹书纪年》、《世本》、《大戴礼》中的五帝是：黄帝、颛顼、帝喾、尧、舜,《帝王世纪》中的五帝是：少昊、颛…