历史、文化遗产及其背后的系统——以世界文化遗产保护为中心

作为以有形文化遗产为主的历史、文化遗产,其背后都存在着不易被发觉的社会经济体系、以及传统礼仪与习惯等无形文化遗产。以世界文化遗产保护为例,以社会经济体系为切入点,文化遗产保护工作者既可以对历史、文化遗产的"真实性""完整性"与"文化景观"等概念作出阐释,又可探讨人们对历史、文化遗产的认知及思考方法。     

史学传统与文化认同

五代以降,史家重视历史记载的前后相承,并有目的地记录周边民族政权与中原王朝相互交往的现实内容,文化认同进一步拓宽;辽金元时期重视对前朝史和本朝国史的编纂,这不仅说明编纂者拥有历史传承的明确意识,而且体现出他们对于中原文化的一种自我认同。总之,通过历史经验的总结,发挥了史学的鉴戒功能,彰显了史学传统与文化认同不可分割的密切关系。     

真实与重构:博物馆展示本质的思考

博物馆一直以中立、客观来宣扬自身对真实情形的表达。作为连接博物馆与公众的桥梁,博物馆展示的本质及过程是探讨博物馆真实性的关键所在。在博物馆场域中,从真实而具体的物件到有意义而抽象的展示,此重构的过程主要受两方面因素的影响:意义的制造与政治的关切。博物馆展示过程中真实不可避免地被重构,同时博物馆又是权力—知识体系下的一个重要场域,但无论其如何重构,博物馆体现的仍是一种"真实",是一种可见的、相对的、被社会需要的"真实"。     

Environment and Cultural Heritage in China: Introduction

The transformation of the natural and built environment over the past three decades has left China with a legacy of environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity. The loss of cultural heritage, including cultural forms associated with the natural ecology, has been just as dramatic. The three studies in this special focus section of Asian Studies Review explore significant issues in environmental conservation, cultural heritage, and grassroots activism in urban and rural China, with an emphasis on the relationship between the natural environment, the transmission of traditional cultural forms, and localised forms of agency or activism. As discussed here, while China's discourse on these issues is strongly influenced by global norms, different regions of China are developing their own individual responses to environmental conservation, the protection of biodiversity, and the ongoing transmission of endangered cultural forms.     

Local Resources,Global Heritage: An Introduction to the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

On January 2, 2009, the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage entered into force, setting an international precedent for the protection and preservation of underwater archaeological resources and providing guidelines for site management and responsible investigation. Historically, submerged cultural resources, particularly shipwrecks, have been exploited primarily for their potential monetary value. Over the last 50 years archaeologists have challenged this perception, demonstrating the cultural and scientific value of submerged cultural resources.     

科学建构非物质文化遗产理论体系——非物质文化遗产相关概念和若干专业问题的再思考

民众对非物质文化遗产的认识越来越深入,但是概念及若干专业问题还有待厘清。非物质文化遗产没有"缓冲区",不具"唯一性"而具"游移性",非物质文化遗产中"文化空间"与作为非物质文化遗产组成部分的"一般场所"是不相同的概念,遗产的评定不受"生源地"所限。保护"非物质文化遗产"的规范性文件中使用"代表性"或"代表作"有其立法用意,非物质文化遗产法与知识产权法保护的客体(对象)既有相同点也存在区别,而"非物质文化遗产"与"非物质文化遗产产品"也是完全不一样的概念。     

非物质文化遗产旅游资源研究——概念、分类、保护、利用

人们对非物质文化遗产的关注在升温,但对非物质文化遗产的概念表述、涉及范围、保护状况与利用方式等基本问题的理解依然比较模糊.本文分析了<保护非物质文化遗产公约>和<国家级非物质文化遗产代表作申报评定暂行办法>的主要条款,认为这两个权威文件是释疑解惑的关键,并以"保护为主,合理利用"为主线,讨论非物质文化遗产作为旅游资源时的保护与利用.     

符号化的"原真"与遗产地商业化——基于乌镇、周庄的案例研究

原真性是遗产地评价的一个重要标准,但在遗产地的开发和遗产旅游中常见的是被加工的“伪真实”。本文基于旅游符号学的视角,通过对周庄、乌镇的案例研究发现,这种“伪真实”事实上是被建构的符号化的真实,旅游地开发者和媒体是这种符号的创造者和推动者,而大众游客是符号的拥护者,并通过口碑效应对其进行推广,这种利益主体的互动使得遗产地的发展依赖于符号化的“伪真实”,从而强化了遗产地的商业化进程。     

The Knowledge-Centred Approach to the Somali Cultural Emergency and Heritage Development Assistance in Somaliland

Somalia has suffered a civil war since early 1991. Systematic looting, destruction and illicit excavation of sites continue without the international community (including academics, government organisations, heritage workers and humanitarian aid organisations) acknowledging this problem, let alone addressing it. The pre-war approaches to Somali cultural heritage lacked awareness-raising initiatives and basic dialogue with local communities, and hence remained uninformed about local views and methodologies regarding heritage. This has resulted in a lack of interest in building a local foundation and infrastructure for heritage management and archaeological research in the country. Today, it is clear that no measures were taken to protect cultural heritage during two decades of armed conflict in Somalia. Recently, archaeological material has become the target of ideologically motivated destruction. However, in post-conflict Somaliland, a self-declared, de facto country where there is peace and stability, possibilities for protection and management of cultural heritage exist. In order to carry out such work, an understanding of local practices is necessary. Hence, this paper presents unique research into local heritage management strategies and unveils indigenous heritage management methods, which the author refers to as the knowledge-centred approach. This approach emphasises knowledge and skill rather than objects, helping cultures such as the Somali, with strong oral transmission of knowledge, preserve their cultural heritage even in times of armed conflict. Also, this paper presents a critical assessment of the Somali cultural emergency as a whole and suggests ways of assisting different stakeholders in the protection of Somali heritage in the conflict and post-conflict eras.     

Distorted Narratives: Morocco,Spain, and the Colonial Stratigraphy of Cultural Heritage

International cultural development projects entail a neoliberal agenda that frequently echoes colonial ideologies and discourses. Using the case study of Chaouen, a northern city in Morocco, I argue in this paper that former colonies and aid-receiving countries usually overlap, and serve the former metropolises to continue controlling the former colony’s human and economic resources. I discuss how the former colonial power, in this case Spain, regulates and promotes a particular heritage discourse that has conveniently been depoliticised. I further contend that in line with previous colonial narratives, Spain has silenced the painful history of struggle and resilience of the inhabitants of Chaouen.     

甘肃非物质文化遗产的现状与保护

本文主要阐述甘肃非物质文化遗产的种类、分布、保护意义及保护面临的问题等,在此基础上,有针对性地提出了相应的具体保护措施。     

Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage in South Africa: The Development of Relevant Management Strategies in the Historical Maritime Context of the Southern Tip of Africa

South Africans have a long association with water. It has provided a source of food, a medium for trade and a catalyst for migration and development. The country??s geographical position as a crossroads of maritime trade between Europe and the East means that its history is inextricably linked to the history of the rest of the world. The result is a multi-faceted representation of sites, objects and mythologies related to water and maritime heritage that reflect not only local historical and social development, but global cultural change as well. Given the importance of South Africa??s underwater cultural heritage (UCH), managers have grappled with management principles, ethics and theoretical models in an effort to produce and enforce heritage legislation that is relevant and effective. This paper outlines South Africa??s maritime context from 1.5 million years ago until the present, summarises legislative and mitigation developments over the past half century and provides details of current trends in maritime archaeology and UCH management at the southern tip of Africa. Training programmes and public awareness are keys to this strategy to bring UCH and maritime archaeology into the mainstream and counter treasure hunting and looting of this rich, friable resource.     

意大利公众参与文化遗产保护的经验与启示

意大利公众参与遗产保护已成为一种民族自觉。意大利公众参与文化遗产保护的经验主要集中在重视吸引公众参与遗产社会教育、加强公众参与遗产保护法律建设、保障公众参与遗产保护渠道等三个方面。意大利的经验启示我们,中国遗产管理也应在这三个方面加强建设。     

Monitoring Cultural Heritage in a Long-Term Project: The Norwegian Sequential Monitoring Programme

Abstract

A sequential monitoring programme for archaeological sites and monuments was started in Norway in 1997. The purpose of this ongoing monitoring was to produce more accurate figures for loss and damage and to detect long-term trends in loss/damage patterns. In this article we present the method used to document the sequential monitoring, the extent of and the most important causes of loss and damage to archaeological heritage, and we discuss both the strengths and weaknesses of the method used in this monitoring programme. The results so far point to agriculture as the single most important cause of loss, and together with housing and leisure it is also the most important cause of damage. In the large parts of Norway where agriculture is marginal and has been characterized by small farms and grass based livestock production, regrowth of fallow fields leads to cultural landscape change and the loss of archaeological sites.