Geography and Ecology

Geography and ecology are viewed as coming closer to each other in their interests, suggesting the prospects of common research in the area of the man-nature relationship. Both disciplines allow for investigation at the planetary, regional and topologic (or local) levels. Landscape ecology is regarded as a useful approach to the study of geosystems and for investigation of natural regimes, which are conceptualized as the driving force in the physical-geographic process. Models of ecosystems represent useful supplements to structural-dynamic models of geosystems. Human ecology cannot be treated as the entire content of geography, as Barrows proposed, but does represent one of the key concepts in geography, particularly in reference to the man-nature relationship. Both geography and ecology can collaborate usefully in resolving some of the broad problems of our time, such as optimization of the natural environment and long-term prediction of resource management. A related paper appeared in Soviet Geography, October 1970.     

Behavioral Ecology and Archaeology

Behavioral ecology is the study of adaptive behavior in relation to social and environmental circumstances. Analysts working from this perspective hold that the reproductive strategies and decision-making capacities of all living organisms—including humans—are shaped by natural selection. Archaeologists have been using this proposition in the study of past human behavior for more than 30 years. Significant insights on variation in prehistoric human subsistence, life history, social organization, and their respective fossil and archaeological consequences have been among the more important results.     

文化生态学

朱利安·斯图尔特是美国文化生态学大家,对考古学和民族学都有开拓性的贡献,本文虽然不长,但较全面系统地阐释了他文化生态学的基本思想。文化生态学认为社会是对周围环境适应的产物,文化生态学的研究即考察社会对其环境的适应过程。但文化生态学并不等于传统意义上的"环境决定论",它还同时考虑除环境之外其它因素对社会的影响,而且它认为社会与环境之间是双向的互动关系,社会固然要适应环境,但也影响乃至改造环境。社会对环境的依赖或适应程度随文化(特别是技术)的发展而变化,发展程度越低的社会(如史前社会)越受到环境的制约,这表现在社会结构等方面,但同时,构成文化的各个变量受环境影响的程度并非同等而是有所区别。随着文化的发展,社会越来越脱离自然环境的束缚,资源利用远远超出自身所在的范围,经济形态趋于专业化,社会结构上也成为一个更大组织的一部分。还要特别注意到的是,斯图尔特对生态因素的考察不仅包括自然环境,还包括了人自身的生物性特征,认为这可能也是影响文化特别是社会结构的基本要素之一。斯图尔特的文化生态学思想对于新考古学有着巨大的影响,特别是他所强调的文化的功能适应方面,对于人类早期社会的解释有十分重要的意义。但是随着考古学的发展,人类文化发展所展现出的复杂性和丰富性,远远超出了文化生态学所能提供的解释。生态因素固然可以很好地解释技术经济和社会结构问题,但对文化中的意识观念领域则无能为力,这是它的局限性。     

论非物质文化遗产的本生态与衍生态

在非物质文化遗产研究和保护中,无法回避的问题有：作为人类社会历史发展产物的非物质文化遗产,它的生态是怎样的？我们应该保护怎样的非物质文化遗产？能否科学回答这些问题,不仅会影响到人们对非物质文化遗产本质的理解,而且会影响到人们对非物质文化遗产保护原则和方法的选择。     

虞山尚湖的生态本底和文化个性

虞山是一个国家森林公园,尚湖是城市湿地公园。生态是它的本色。事实上,很多游客来到这里,是因为这里有长三角难得的生态环境。首届江苏森林生态旅游节、常熟虞山森林旅游生态观光节、宝岩杨梅节、尚湖牡丹花会、观鸟节等活动,也让越来越多的人认识了虞山尚湖。     

先秦时期生态观述论

先秦时期产生了较为丰富的生态意识,对《周易》、老庄、孔孟、管子、荀子等的生态观进行初步提炼、分析,寻求古人在处理人与自然关系上的原则、立场与观点,正确认识和评价先秦时期生态观将对现代社会的生态实践活动起到一定的参考价值。     

Ecology and Environmental Challenges of the Persian Gulf

The extreme salinity and temperature fluctuations of the Persian Gulf waters have created unique marine and coastal ecosystems, with numerous benefits to Iran and neighboring countries. However, human activities, including rapid coastal development, land-based pollution, oil and gas extraction, and shipping, are threatening the survival of these ecosystems. With long shorelines, a large coastal population, and locally important fisheries and tourism-related jobs, Iran has a lot at stake in the degradation of its marine and coastal environments. However, it is not too late to put a stop to further degradation. This article recommends a number of targeted actions at the local, national, and regional levels to address the threats to the Persian Gulf ’s environment and protect this important renewable resource.     

Nomadism,Pastoralism, Ecology,and Grazing Lands

J. Aschenbrenner and L. R. Collins, eds. The Processes of Urbanism: A Multidisciplinary Approach. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1978. x + 424 pp. $40.00.

E. Eames and J. G. Goode. Anthropology of the City: An Introduction to Urban Anthropology. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice‐Hall Inc., 1977. viii + 344 pp.

R. G. Fox. Urban Anthropology: Cities in Their Cultural Settings. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice‐Hall Inc., 1977. xiii + 176 pp.     

放怀虞山——宝岩，看生态和文化返璞归真

山不在高。虞山不过长十里,高百米。虞山的精彩之处在于,它能让每一位过客在这里找到内心的共鸣。你可以去辛峰,怀想先贤怎样传下吴国江山,怎样播散江南文脉：你可以去兴福寺,探寻怎样的园林配得上曲径通幽的唐代绝旬;你可以去山巅的剑门,体会登高望江南,虞山、尚湖、常熟城一体的感觉;你可以去宝岩生态观光园,在山上采杨梅采得累了,就坐在竹林深处喝一杯新茶……     

游牧方式与草原生态——传统时代呼盟草原的冬营地

本文以 2 0世纪 30年代的日文调查资料为主 ,对呼伦贝尔草原冬营地时期的人、畜和草原的关系进行了剖析。首先 ,当时的营地选择以草原合理利用为基础 ,兼顾人畜的生活条件。其次 ,游牧民在冬营地的移动有不同的层次 ,有从夏营地到冬营地的大移动 ,也有在冬营地内的小移动 ,另外 ,为适应草原生态 ,冬营期实行分类放牧。为了抵御雪灾 ,一些游牧民开始受俄国人的影响 ,利用干草 ,甚至有的人在此基础上 ,实现了半游牧。不断移营不是过去游牧民天然之喜好 ,是人为适应草原生态而必然采用的一种生产方式     

Evaluating Tobler's Migration Vector Fields

In the past decade Tobler has provided an innovative cartographic presentation of migration flows. The central theme of this research has been to utilize detailed migration data to reveal the underlying structures of migration flows. Even though the analyses are not explanatory models of migration exchanges, the application of these techniques to migration flows over time and across different spatial scales provides a visual generalization of often extremely complex flows. The application of his techniques at two spatial scales for the Netherlands illustrates both the strengths and weaknesses of migration force fields for the analysis of migration.