1945-1949年南京国民政府审计制度述评

抗战胜利后,国民政府重新设置或调整了审计机构,制定并修正了一些审计法规,并以就地审计、抽查审计和巡回审计为工作中心,推行审计制度改革,对恢复和重建战后国民经济发挥了一定作用。但受内战的影响,这种改革与战后国民经济一直在一种不正常的状态下进行,因此南京国民政府审计工作无法有根本性改观,难免最终遭致失败的厄运。     

蒋介石与战后学潮(1945—1949)

战后频发的学潮集中暴露出国民政府在外交、经济、地方管制等领域所面临的严重危机。作为执政者的蒋介石,其学潮应对却是无解的困局。首先,蒋难以有效控制党内各级干部,甚或各派系为争权夺利主动参与乃至组织学潮,蒋受主客观环境困扰,无法有效消除派系政治的破坏性影响。同时,蒋学潮认知思维模式固化,过于强调中共的领导作用,忽视了学生合理诉求与党内弊端。而蒋在处理各类学潮的过程中,没有清晰的应对策略,往往在制裁与疏导、纵容与压制之间犹豫不决,国民政府在各地连续不断的学生抗议声中迈向崩溃的边缘。     

The Nature of Decision-making in the Post-war New Towns Policy: The Case of Basildon, c. 1945-70

The nature of post-war economic and urban planning has beencontroversial. This article examines the problem through a ‘grass-roots’study of the establishment and the early social history of Basildon,a representative example of post-war new towns. What views didthe various sections of the central state, local governmentand residents hold towards the new towns policy? The articleconsiders the relation between the new town Development Corporationand governmental departments, local government and tenants.This case study indicates that the plural and complex natureof decision-making based on informal and voluntary negotiationsmade the new towns policy inconsistent, and suggests that residents'voices were excluded from the process of decision-making. ^* suge{at}ier.hit-u.ac.jp     

相对成熟的西方边疆理论简论(1871-1945)

1945年前的80多年间,西方国家涉及边疆(含边界)问题的理论进入相对成熟的时期,主要是国际法和地缘政治学的相关理论发展迅速,美国、俄国、英国、日本等国的相关理论都得到较为全面的发展。这些理论内容广泛,又具有鲜明的时代性,大多数带有“强权即公理”的特点,或者为帝国主义瓜分世界的种种现象进行解释,或者公然地为大国主宰世界、扩张疆土服务。     

论西班牙1975～1986年改革

佛朗哥在其执政晚期推行经济改革(reform)给西班牙社会经济带来极大变化,使得全社会都感觉到上层建筑的不适,要求变革。佛朗哥去世后,新登基的国王胡安·卡洛斯顺应时代和社会的要求,委托阿道夫·苏亚雷斯发动了民主改革(“Tran-sition”)。改革没有给社会带来动荡,没有给经济发展带来阻碍;改革不仅使西班牙人民得以享受政治上的民主权利,而且使他们极大程度地克服了历史上的严重不和。     

The Psychologization of the Socialist Self: East German Forensic Psychology and its Deviants, 1945--1975

In the late 1940s and throughout most of the 1950s, East Germanylargely criminalized and politicized such things as drug abuse,alcoholism, delinquency, and even mental illness, often treatingthem as moral threats and acts of subversion. By the 1960s,however, policy makers, courts, and social services in the GDR,in a development paralleled in other industrialized countriesat the time, began turning to psychological and psychiatricapproaches in addressing antisocial behaviour. Based on publishedand archival records, this essay argues that this change wasthe result of a constellation of social, party-political, institutional,and international developments that led not only to a reconsiderationof anti-social conduct in the GDR, but also to a sweeping reconceptualizationof the psychological workings of the individual within socialism,culminating in the ideal of the ‘socialist personality.’This mirrored trends in contemporary western Europe and theUnited States, granting psychological complexity and depth todeviant personalities in East Germany; however, it representedless a pragmatic concession to western reforms than an extensionof the socialist utopian project. As a result, professionalsand policy-makers in the GDR minted an historically unique conceptof deviance that wedded Marxism—Lenin-Leninism with mainstreampsychiatry and psychology. The example of forensic psychologyin East Germany raises important questions about the relationshipbetween liberal, socialist, and fascist projects of social reformin twentieth-century Germany.     

关于太平天国运动反帝反封建的思考

滥觞于19世纪中叶的太平天国运动建立了与清政府对峙的政权长达十余年之久,且给清政府和西方列强以巨大的冲击,把历代的农民起义推向了最高峰。但由于自身的局限性和所处的时代背景,这场农民运动尚不具有反帝反封建的性质。     

1932—1945年国民政府侨务委员会述论

文章依据相关档案及文献资料,从制度史研究的角度,对国民政府侨务委员会的沿革、机构设置、职能以及人事和经费等方面进行了考察。结果显示,相对于晚清与北洋政府而言,南京国民政府的侨务机构设置比较健全,在侨务工作的开展、协助政府积极利用海外侨力、保侨护侨等方面发挥了一定的积极作用,也为抗战期间海外华侨为祖国做出巨大贡献奠定了行政基础。但与此同时,机构的不断调整、人员配置的不到位,特别是经费上的捉襟见肘,成为困扰侨委会工作的主要问题。     

液体燃料管理委员会与战时液体燃料管制(1938-1945)

为了应对抗战爆发后出现的油料危机,国民政府成立了液体燃料管理委员会来管理液体燃料的使用.液体燃料管理委员会根据不断变化的国际国内形势,以开源、节流为主旨,通过加强油料进口、以成本为基础的定价、凭证分配以及私油查缉处置违规活动,从而形成了一条完整的管制链条.抗战时期国民政府的液体燃料管制政策对保证抗战的胜利起到了重要作用,它反映了国民政府的执政效能,具有一定的借鉴意义.