早期拜占庭执事官职能探析

执事官机构是早期拜占庭帝国官僚体制中极其引人注目的历史现象,且在古今官僚制度中所罕见。执事官拥有广泛的职能,权力触及帝国众多不同领域。在早期拜占庭时期,执事官及其机构是拜占庭专制皇权统治的重要膀臂。     

An overview of Byzantine Period settlements around Comana Pontica in north-central Turkey

Abstract

The sanctuary of Comana Pontica in north-central Anatolia, dedicated to a local Anatolian deity, Ma, was a significant part of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Mithradatids which continued to be of some importance under the Roman emperors. During the Byzantine period, as a result of the introduction of, and adaptation to, Christianity in the region, significant changes in settlement pattern/organization at and in the vicinity of Comana took place. This article illustrates these changes through the architectural and archaeological material discovered during surveys and offers a preliminary interpretation of the settlement patterns around Comana in the Byzantine period.     

唐代拜占庭帝国遣使中国考略

唐代中国典籍在"拂菻"名义下保留了拜占庭向中国遣使的记载。"拂菻"一名来自Rum一词,经由中介语言如亚美尼亚语、波斯语进入汉文典籍。643年的遣使可能是拜占庭帝国著名的皇帝希拉克略所策划,而由其他人实施,目的是想联合唐朝共同抗击新兴的阿拉伯势力的进攻。在阿拉伯势力征服伊朗高原后,其他各次遣使主要经由活跃在中亚的景教徒来完成。     

中古乐府诗中的城市意象

本文通过对汉至南北朝时期的乐府诗中城市意象的分析,认为在这一时期的乐府诗中,城市意象的构成包括城市景观意象内容和城市文化意象两部分。长安、洛阳以及其它城市的城市意象均以历史时期、主要是西汉时的城市景观为蓝本,中古乐府诗人独特的认知过程和表现方式是这一现象产生的根本原因。     

Literacy in the Byzantine World

Abstract

The historian Nicephorus Gregoras, writing of the Patriarch Athanasios I, dismisses him scathingly as <inline-graphic href="splitsection4_in1.tif"/><inline-graphic href="splitsection4_in2.tif"/>. Yet we know that Athanasius, who came from the countryside near Adrianople, was reading the Lives of Saints before the age of twelve. And his surviving writings—homilies, encyclicals, canonical decisions, letters, etc.—fill the 204 folios of codex Vaticanus graecus 2219. Most of these writings still await publication. But the recent edition by Mrs. Alice-Mary Talbot of 115 of Athanasios' letters shows that he wrote fluent literary Kaine Greek, without the archaizing affectations of Byzantine Atticism and with occasional voluntary or involuntary lapses into the spoken language of his time. He was no stylist: for him it was the matter, not the manner, that counted. He had little acquaintance with classical Greek literature. But in addition to the Scriptures, which he constantly quotes, he was familiar with the more widely read works of the fourth-century fathers, knew the basic texts of civil and canon law, and could quote the Epanagoge. Clearly he was no illiterate, but a professional user of the written word.     

中世纪晚期和近代早期欧洲的寡妇改嫁

在中世纪晚期和近代早期的欧洲 ,寡妇较多 ,她们改嫁的比率较高 ,再嫁者守寡时间较短。历史事实表明 ,寡妇对于是否改嫁的选择 ,不仅仅是个人行为 ,而且受客观条件的制约。当时欧洲较为开放的文化和舆论氛围 ,寡妇自身的财产和处置财产的权利 ,为她们改嫁提供了可能。而传统时代的经济体制和现实生活的艰辛也要求她们重组家庭。     

明清长江中游市镇的管理机制

本文所言之市镇 ,是指明清时期介于县城与村落之间的具有相对独立性的商业实体。本文所讨论的长江中游 ,是指明清时期的湖北、湖南及江西三个区域。明清时期 ,长江中游市镇经济获得了一定程度的发展 ,与此同时 ,亦形成相应的管理机制。明清长江中游市镇的管理机制由三部分构成 :官方进驻机构及文武要员、兵士 ,乡村基层组织 ,介于官商之间的牙行及牙人     

中国首次发现拜占庭银币

中国境内出土的拜占庭金币及其仿制品已达50枚左右。①但至今未见中国境内出土拜占庭银币的报导。2005年2月“大话西域网站”(http://www.coin—xiyu.com)上,署名“火山”的币友贴出一则“待考出土银币”。因我平时比较关注拜占庭币,所以顿时感到眼前一亮,意识到这可能是一枚颇不寻常的拜占庭银币。下载币图(图1)后,仔细观察。初步判读如下:正面查士丁头戴束发盔褶衣佩甲右胸像。币文:DN·IVSTI□NV□·PP·AVI。特点是币缘为大珠圈。背面查士丁头显光环面右站像,右手持权杖(或长矛)左手持十字球。前方有模糊芒星。币文□LORIA□·…     

清代中期苏州地权状况及其形成原因

本主要分为两部分。一是考察清代中期苏州地权在激烈争夺中的各种表现,包括地价上涨、兼并加剧、地权分割和族田快速增长等方面。二是探索人口、社会财富、土地责源和土地收益等因素对地权争夺的影响。     

The exploitation and control of woodland and scrubland in the Byzantine world

Abstract

A welcome and necessary aspect of the renewal of studies of the Byzantine economy has been the analysis, sometimes in both the technical and the broader organisational aspects, of the production and redistribution of particular goods. One only has to think of some recent work concerning mining and metallurgy, minting, silk-production, glass-making, potteries, shipping, and salsamenta, to realise the potential significance of such studies, the need for the historical study of all types of economic activity, and how unilluminating has become the incantation of such statements as that the Byzantine economy was ‘overwhelmingly' rural (almost invariably made with reference to the primary products of a narrowly defined agriculture), or that centres of population were ‘characterised by consumption', or even that commercialised redistribution was ‘feeble’ and stagnant in the Early Byzantine period.     

试论拜占庭的拓殖运动

7—9世纪拜占庭的农业拓殖运动,是中世纪世界引人注目的历史现象。在实行军屯和民屯的政策方面,拜占庭继承了罗马共和到帝制时代的历史传统,但与罗马时期以开疆拓土为目标的外张性拓殖相比,拜占庭拓殖的主要目的是守护边疆、强化政府管理机制。拓殖政策的实行,使得巴尔干和小亚细亚半岛上的新来者将其蛮荒时代的社会和生产结构方面的因素糅进拜占庭的社会生活当中,促进了中世纪东地中海各不同起源的民族之间的融合,促进了一个堪称为东方基督教文化圈的东地中海文明共同体的形成。     

中古西北佛教戒律学考述——以梁、唐、宋《高僧传》为中心

中古时期,《十诵》、《五分》、《僧祇》、《四分》诸律之学率皆流行西北地区.十六国时代,鸠摩罗什在长安时,弗若多罗等人译出《十诵律》,长安遂成为中古西北佛教律学重镇.唐以前,关内素奉《僧祇律》,《五分律》亦在关陇局部地区流布行化.迨至唐代,《四分律》成为律学之正宗,法侣诜诜,律筵济济,律学如日中天.     

中庸与中道之比较

中庸与中道,二者意义较为相近。中庸概念由孔子首先提出来,《中庸》说：“喜怒哀乐之未发谓之中,发而皆中节谓之和。中也者,天下之大本也;和也者,天下之达道也。致中和,天地位焉,万物育焉。”亚里士多德也提出了中道美德这一观点．指出在实践事务上也和在感情事务上一样,存在过度、不及和适中三种情形。他认为道德德性是适度,它是两种恶即过度与不及的中间。中庸与中道相比较,在伦理学和政治哲学等诸方面存在着怎样的异同,本文将从中庸与中道的理论提出、思想内涵、达到途径等方面予以论述。     

商代中期的人祭制度研究--以郑州小双桥商代遗址的人祭遗存为例

郑州小双桥商代遗址属于"白家庄"期的遗存,1999年冬至2000年夏,发现了宗庙基址和与宗庙基址相关的大量人骨埋葬.与安阳殷墟的发现相比较,这些人骨是仲丁、外壬(甲骨文中作"卜壬")时期举行庙祭时的杀牲.祭祀时杀死人牲的方式有砍头、肢解、击杀等,极为残酷.被用做人牲的人有俘虏也有奴隶,与安阳殷墟时期相似."人祭"是盛行于商代晚期即安阳殷墟时期的一种制度,小双桥的发现,把商代这一制度实施的时间,向前推了一百多年.     

The myth of the Byzantine origins of the Osmanlis: an essay in interpretation

Abstract

The story that gave the Osmanlis a distant Comnenian origin emerges in sixteenth-century Italian and Greek histories, inspired by the twelfth-century accounts of the renegade prince John Komnenos, as related by Niketas Choniates Its invention and propagation might have served the legitimacy of Ottoman rule, in which case, it was addressed to gulams and converts rather than to the Christian subjects of the sultans. It can also be interpreted as fitting the ideals and the imaginations of highly positioned converts in the Ottoman service, who previously belonged to the Byzantine and Balkan aristocracies.