保皇会的宗旨歧变与组织离合

戊戌变法以来,在变法与自主、复辟与革命、勤王与民政、讨满与保皇等观念决策的对立下,围绕革命与保皇的宗旨选择取舍而展开的矛盾冲突,几乎贯穿整个保皇会的历史,并且几度导致保皇会的内讧甚至组织分裂。由此可见,“革命”在被固定化神圣化之前,并非革命党人的专利;同是革命取向的政派或个人,也有政略的不同与利害的冲突。革命与否的分界,仅仅依据组织系统并不能够划分清楚。粱启超、欧榘甲等人的革命宣传,虽然遭到康有为的严厉压制和同门的牵制掣肘,他们自己多少也有些犹疑不定,因而言词不免模棱两可,但所传达的信息还是相当明确。对于造成“字收功日,全球革命潮”的时势起到重要作用。由于保皇会后来讳言此事,其他方面的记述又有受日后时势变化影响而生的褒贬,相关史料则相当片断,学人对于有关人事及其动机作用的分析判断见仁见智,莫衷一是。在考辨史料史实的基础上,以相关人事前后左右的联系为参照,可以在重建历史事件过程的同时,透视保皇派言革人物的心路历程。     

The Interaction of Nature and Society

The author reviews the material of his article on the Stalinist definition of the geographical environment [Soviet Geography, December 1963, pp. 3–19] in the light of L. F. Il'yichev's pronouncement on the unity of the natural and social sciences [Soviet Geography, April 1964, pp. 32–34]. Like V. A. Anuchin, Saushkin interprets the ll'yichev statement as encouraging more work on geographic synthesis that would integrate the findings of the specialized physical and economic geographic disciplines.     

Interaction between Nature and Society and Modern Geography

This paper, delivered by one of the leading Soviet philosophers at a plenary session of the Fourth Congress of the Geographical Society USSR, is the latest authoritative statement on the relationship between physical and economic geography. The author balances the fact of increasing differentiation and specialization and the continued existence of separate physical and economic-geographic groups of disciplines against the need for more synthesis in geographic research. He thus echoes ideas expressed by V. A. Anuchin earlier this year in the philosophical journal Problemy Filosofii [see Soviet Geography, April 1964]. Konstantinov, in preparing the paper, made use of the materials of the Combined Conference of Philosophical [Methodological] Seminars of the Academy of Sciences USSR on the theme “The problem of the interaction of nature and society and the place of the geographic sciences in its solution” [see Tezisy dokladov (Abstracts of Papers), Moscow, 1964], especially the paper by A. G. Doskach, Yu. P. Trusov, and Ye. T. Fadeyev on “The interaction of nature and society and some problems of modern geography.” Konstantinov also acknowledges suggestions from Academician I. P. Gerasimov, V. Zh. Kelle, a philosopher, and Academician Ye. K. Fedorov, a geophysicist.     

韩国坟丘墓社会的性质

在古代韩国,马韩盛行过坟丘墓,其主要特征是在地上的坟丘中,由多个埋葬主体通过追加葬形式形成。坟丘墓最晚到公元前1世纪开始出现,其存在从方形木棺向圆形石室的变迁过程。韩国坟丘墓社会中只有百济国发展成为国家百济,因其与先进地区临近,容易接收先进文化,其它小国在酋长社会状态下被吞并,因其农业共同体性质过强,并且与周边国家对等交流困难。     

Discussion Of The Volume Priroda I Obshchestvo [Nature and Society]

In March 1969, a group of geographers at the Geographical Society USSR in Leningrad convened a meeting to discuss the volume Priroda i obshchestvo (Moscow, 1968), a collection of articles concerned with the role of geography in investigating the man-nature relationship. Selected articles appeared in Soviet Geography, May 1969. Some of the discussants were critical of certain authors on the ground that they argued in favor of a unified geography to deal with the man-nature relationship as a whole and did not differentiate between socioeconomic systems (capitalism, socialism) in appraising society's attitude toward nature. The official report of the meeting, in which five principal discussants participated, follows.     

Wilderness,Nature and Society: contributions to the history of an environmental attitude

The depth of feeling now seen in the struggle over environmental conservation can, with the aid of scholars in other disciplines, be traced to the central importance of Nature in the ideology of Western Society. The late seventeenth century is seen as the period of an ideological transformation in which Nature, at first under the tutelage of God, came to set the terms for social definition and debate. As a flexible metaconcept, Nature became a weapon of social control for a hegemonic centre and, at the same time, a vehicle of protest for the social periphery. Further ambiguity arises from the intersection of this development with the devaluation of Nature as a commodity within the capitalist system, which intensifies the element of protest in the use of Nature as a social category.     

古代江南地区圩田开发及其对生态环境的影响

江南地区的圩田大致滥觞于三国之际,迅速发展于两宋,全盛于明清,是我国江南人民在长期治田治水实践中创造的农田开发的一种独特形式。文章以大量历史文献资料为基础,全面考察了江南地区圩田开发的历程与特点,研究了江南圩田兴盛的历史因素和自然条件,并简要分析了圩田的作用。在此基础上,具体探讨了圩田开发对生态环境所造成的影响,认为因过渡围垦破坏了江南地区原有的湖泊河流水文环境,造成“水不得停蓄,旱不得流注”的严重局面,这便给圩田大大增加了防患水灾的压力;历代地方政府在圩田管理方面也是各自为政,各地圩田缺乏相互间的协作,使因破圩而形成的局部水灾年年有之;大量构筑圩田,使湖泊面积大为缩小,影响其调节水量的功能,破坏了本地区的生态条件,致使灾害频频发生。此外,围湖特别是废湖以后,使众多的水生资源也遭到了严重破坏。     

老龄化社会进程中博物馆的职能拓展——日本学者相关研究及启示

人口老龄化是一种全球性的人口发展趋势,它不仅是当今世界各国存在的重大社会问题,也是一个涉及经济、政治、社会发展和人口规划等方面的战略问题.博物馆作为社会公益机构,可通过开展丰富的社会活动,充分运用老年人所掌握的知识和技术,以发挥满足老年人的身心需要及振兴地方经济与文化的作用,这些将在一定程度上缓解老龄化社会的压力.近年...     

清末河套地区的水利制度与社会适应

清末河套地区出现了一次水利开发的高潮,民间的地商和清政府在渠道经营上先后扮演了主角。在近代社会经济的发展过程中,制度的成功在于其适应能力。地商制度充分适应了河套的生态环境和汉蒙杂居的社会环境,最终在经营上取得了成功。而官营水利一开始便以刚性手段介入．忽视对基层社会的协调,再加上传统经营体制的腐败和无效率,尽管最后试图建立与乡村社会相适应的机制,但终归失败。     

Streams as Entanglement of Nature and Culture: European Upper Paleolithic River Systems and Their Role as Features of Spatial Organization

Large river valleys have long been seen as important factors to shape the mobility, communication, and exchange of Pleistocene hunter-gatherers. However, rivers have been debated as either natural entities people adapt and react to or as cultural and meaningful entities people experience and interpret in different ways. Here, we attempt to integrate both perspectives. Building on theoretical work from various disciplines, we discuss the relationship between biophysical river properties and sociocultural river semantics and suggest that understanding a river’s persona is central to evaluating its role in spatial organization. By reviewing the literature and analyzing European Upper Paleolithic site distribution and raw material transfer patterns in relation to river catchments, we show that the role of prominent rivers varies considerably over time. Both ecological and cultural factors are crucial to explaining these patterns. Whereas the Earlier Upper Paleolithic record displays a general tendency toward conceiving rivers as mobility guidelines, the spatial consolidation process after the colonization of the European mainland is paralleled by a trend of conceptualizing river regimes as frontiers, separating archaeological entities, regional groups, or local networks. The Late Upper Paleolithic Magdalenian, however, is characterized again by a role of rivers as mobility and communication vectors. Tracing changing patterns in the role of certain river regimes through time thus contributes to our growing knowledge of human spatial behavior and helps to improve our understanding of dynamic and mutually informed human-environment interactions in the Paleolithic.     

Nature now and then

Science Incarnate: Historical Embodiments of Natural Knowledge. Edited by Christopher Lawrence and Steven Shapin (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998) vii + 342 pp. $55.00 cloth, $15.25 paper.

Modern Environmentalism: An Introduction. By David Pepper (London: Routledge, 1996) viii +376 pp. £40 cloth, £13.99 paper.     

基于模糊综合评价的标识牌解说效果研究——以北京松山国家级自然保护区为例

标识牌是目前被运用最为广泛的解说媒介之一,但我国现阶段对自然保护区标识牌的研究偏重于规划设计方法与内容,对其解说效果的研究明显不足。本文基于以上背景,选择具有代表性的北京松山国家级自然保护区为研究区,从游客视角出发对标识牌解说效果进行研究。运用因子分析法,构建了研究区标识牌评估指标体系,包括标识牌外型、解说技巧和解说内容等三个方面共21项因子。并采用多层次模糊评价法,定量评价了研究区标识牌的解说效果。评估结果表明,研究区标识牌外型因子和解说内容因子解说效果中等,解说技巧因子解说效果较差。     

巴蜀符号的变迁及其性质分析

巴蜀符号主要发现在东周时期巴蜀青铜兵器、青铜工具和青铜印章上面。依据不同载体,分析了巴蜀符号的特征与演变。不同功能的器物上的巴蜀符号类型差异明显,当时的人们在使用这些符号的时候是有明确的区分,说明它们的性质、功能应该有所区别。青铜兵器上巴蜀符号可能与古蜀的古老传说和信仰密切相关,当时的人们相信其具有神奇的力量,能够增强兵器的神奇威力。印章上的符号可能象征吉祥的喻意,活人佩戴有护身符的性质,随葬于墓中有护佑死者的作用。青铜工具上的符号最大可能是代表所有者或生产者标识性徽记。     

Observations on the Nature and Culture of Environmental History

This article aims to consider the robust field of environmental history as a whole, as it stands and as it has developed over the past twenty‐five years around the world. It necessarily adopts a selective approach but still offers more breadth than depth. It treats the links between environmental history and other fields within history, and with other related disciplines such as geography. It considers the precursors of environmental history, its emergence since the 1970s, its condition in several settings and historiographies. Finally it touches on environmental history's relationship to social theory and to the natural sciences as they have evolved in recent decades. It concludes that while there remains plenty of interesting work yet to do, environmental history has successfully established itself as a legitimate field within the historical profession, and has a bright future, if perhaps for discouraging reasons.