Origins of the Creutzfeldt and Jakob Concept

A review of the publications of Hans Creutzfeldt and Alfons Jakob pertaining to the concept which bears their name (CJD) reveals that they described a neuropathological syndrome and were opposed to its classi- fication as a neurological disease. The evidence on which Creutzfeldt and Jakob based their view is reevaluated, and studies by other workers are cited in which a range of environmental and genetic factors generated the CJ syndrome, challenging the proposition that CJD is a disease with a single cause..     

Philipp Frank Und Die Verbindung Wien-Paris

Zusammenfassung Der Logische Empirismus hat in der intellektuellen Welt Frankreichs fast keine Spuren hinterlassen, obwohl die Gruppe sich bei zwei Kongressen 1935 und 1937 der intellektuellen ?ffentlichkeit in Paris pr?sentierte. Otto Neurath, prominentes Mitglied des ? Wiener Kreises ?, bereitete die Auftritte der Logischen Empiristen in Paris vor. In seiner umfangreichen Korrespondenz manifestieren sich zahlreiche Spannungen sowohl innerhalb der Gruppe als auch mit ihren Kooperationspartnern in Paris. Der Physiker Philipp Frank war mit der wissenschaftlichen Landschaft in Frankreich viel besser vertraut als Neurath. Er hat Neurath schon damals darauf aufmerksam gemacht, dass die Rolle Louis Rougiers als ? Botschafter ? des Empirismus für die Rezeption in Frankreich problematisch sein k?nnte. Er dr?ngte Neurath, die Verbindung mit anderen Wissenschaftlern und Philosophen, vor allem mit Henri Berr und dem Centre de synthèse zu verst?rken.

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Philipp Frank et la liaison Vienne-Paris Quelques notes sur la correspondance Otto Neurath-Philipp Frank entre 1934 et 1938

Résumé L’empirisme logique n’a guère laissé de trace dans le monde intellectuel fran?ais bien que par deux fois à Paris, lors des congrès de 1935 et de 1937, ce groupe se soit fait conna?tre du public intellectuel. Membre éminent du ? Cercle de Vienne ?, Otto Neurath a préparé ces interventions sur la scène parisienne. De nombreuses tensions sont lisibles dans sa vaste correspondance aussi bien à l’intérieur du groupe viennois qu’avec ses interlocuteurs parisiens. Quant au physicien Philipp Frank, il connaissait le paysage scientifique fran?ais beaucoup mieux que Neurath lui-même. Il a attiré son attention sur les ambigu?tés de Louis Rougier dans son r?le d’ ? ambassadeur ? de l’empirisme logique chargé de sa réception en France. Il a pressé Neurath de renforcer une coordination avec d’autres savants et d’autres philosophes et, en tout premier lieu, avec Henri Berr et le Centre de synthèse.

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Schwerpunkt ihrer Forschungen sind: Philosophie und Geschichte des Wiener Kreises (Otto Neurath, Philipp Frank, Edgar Zilsel), erkenntnistheoretische Aspekte der Sozialwissenschaften (Ernst Cassirer, Pierre Bourdieu) und die Beziehung zwischen Sozialwissenschaft und Ethik. Sie hat mehrere Werke zu Otto Neurath publiziert, vor kurzem gemeinsam mit Nicolas Roudet, Paris-Wien. Enzyklop?dien im Vergleich, Wien/New York, Springer, 2005.     

Origins of the Creutzfeldt and Jakob concept

A review of the publications of Hans Creutzfeldt and Alfons Jakob pertaining to the concept which bears their name (CJD) reveals that they described a neuropathological syndrome and were opposed to its classification as a neurological disease. The evidence on which Creutzfeldt and Jakob based their view is reevaluated, and studies by other workers are cited in which a range of environmental and genetic factors generated the CJ syndrome, challenging the proposition that CJD is a disease with a single cause.     

Philipp Otto Runge and the Semiotic Language of Nature and Patriotism

Philipp Otto Runge (1777–1810) was a leading German Romantic artist whose iconography represents a transition from the Neoclassical iconography of classical mythology and allegory to an abstract semiotic system of signs based on a mystical interpretation of nature. An admirer of Herder's theory of language, Runge's iconography was representative of a trend among Romantic artists to promote nationalism and cultural values through the implementation of formal epistemological systems in the medium of art. Runge's individual iconography reveals a synthesis of rational and mystical systems of knowledge that emphasizes Herder's concept of the German Volk as a unique cultural identity, and presents an analogy between the creation of the cosmos, the organic origins of language, and the conception of the German Volk. Runge's iconography expresses the nationalist sentiments and linguistic theory of Herder that formed the basis of German propaganda movements during the Wars of Liberation, 1807–1815.     

乔治·奥威尔和卡尔·魏特夫

今年是英国小说家乔治·奥威尔百岁诞辰。国内外都出版有关著作纪念他 ,尤其在西方。他的名著《一九八四》以反对“极权主义”著称 ,载誉至今 ,并引起争议。若干年前 ,同样反对“东方极权主义”的美国史家卡尔·魏特夫的百岁诞辰却是冷冷清清的 ,形成鲜明对照。他和他的代表作《东方专制主义》早已风光不再。本文对这两位名家以及他们不同的遭遇进行了分析。     

George III and Parliament*

Circumstances were auspicious when George III came to the throne in 1760, but soon his political actions were much criticized and he was accused from early in his reign until well into the 20th century of weakening the independence of parliament and undermining the constitution. Some contemporaries did defend him and these views received powerful support from Sir Lewis Namier and his followers in the 20th century. Both interpretations have their flaws, however, because of the failure to recognize the profound changes in the context in which George acted over his long reign and the subtle changes that occurred in Britain's unwritten constitution over that half century. By examining how the king appointed and dismissed ministers, sought to influence the composition of both houses of parliament, and endeavoured to shape government policy, this article seeks to revise our understanding of the king's relations with parliament and the constitution and to relocate our overall assessment of him between those offered by his many critics and defenders both during his reign and long afterwards.     

George Herbert Mead

For George Herbert Mead, thinking amounts to holding an “inner conversation of gestures”. Such a conception does not seem especially original at first glance. What makes it truly original is the “social-behavioral” approach of which it is a part, and, particularly, two ideas. The first is that the conversation in question is a conversation of gestures or attitudes, and the second, that thought and reflexive intelligence arise from the internalization of an external process supported by the social mechanism of communication: that of conduct organization. It imports then to understand what distinguishes such ideas from those of the founder of behavioral psychology, John B. Watson, for whom thinking amounts to nothing other than subvocal speech.