湖北枣阳九连墩1号楚墓棺椁木材研究

一研究背景九连墩墓地位于湖北枣阳市吴店镇,地处大洪山余脉的一条南北向低岗上。2002年,湖北省文物考古研究所等单位对九连墩墓地1号、2号墓及附属车马坑进行了抢救性发掘,确定两座墓为战国中晚期的楚国贵族墓葬。本文主要对1号墓出土棺椁的材质进行鉴定和分析。九连墩1号墓为二椁二棺,是典型的"大夫"级墓葬,外椁长8、宽6.82米,其内以隔板分     

九连墩墓地1、2号墓出土青铜器上锈蚀产物分析

采用XRD、XRF和显微照相等方法,测试分析了九连墩1、2墓中出土青铜器锈蚀产物的成分和物相组成,发现该产物的物相主要为氧化亚铜.结合埋藏环境土壤的理化分析,探讨了这些锈蚀产物的形成原因,以及其对青铜文物的影响.同时使用XRD分析方法研究了这批青铜器在大气中的腐蚀情况,发现了一部分文物已经滋生了"粉状锈".     

新疆伊犁出土鎏金铜带饰的科学分析与保护

为研究、保护和修复伊犁地区出土鎏金铜带饰,在现代保护修复理念的指导下,采用金相显微镜、X射线荧光、扫描电镜及X射线能谱仪、X射线衍射等方法,对文物的主要成分、制作工艺和锈蚀产物分别进行检测分析。初步确定文物的合金成分、锈蚀产物及病害种类,并对其保存状态进行评估,制定保护方案并实施科学保护。在有效保护文物的基础上,为揭示草原地区青铜文化提供重要参考。     

博罗横岭山先秦墓地出土春秋青铜矛腐蚀情况研究

作为2000年全国十大考古发现之一,惠州市博罗横岭山先秦墓地出土了大量精美的青铜器、陶瓷器和玉石器。本文采用显微镜、X射线探伤、X射线荧光能谱、X射线衍射、显微拉曼等方法对其中一件春秋时期青铜矛进行综合分析。结果表明,该青铜矛为铜锡二元合金。受酸性潮湿的埋藏土壤环境影响,青铜矛基体矿化严重,表面存在大量以SnO₂为主要成分的浅绿色锈蚀物和少量以碱式碳酸铜为主要成分的绿色锈蚀物。X射线探伤分析显示,青铜矛内部存在泥芯铸造产生的空腔和多处小孔状铸造缺陷。此外,青铜矛表面大部分区域覆盖有结晶态的以SnO₂为主要成分的致密半透明锈蚀层,这在同类型的锈蚀青铜器中较为少见,是其出土之后能长年保持稳定的表面锈蚀状态且器形较为完整稳固的原因。实验结果可为该青铜矛的保护修复处理提供有力的理论依据和数据支持,并为研究南方地区同类型青铜器锈蚀产物提供参考。     

故宫博物院藏一件景泰款掐丝珐琅器的科学分析

本工作以X射线计算机断层扫描(X-CT)成像技术为主要研究手段对故宫博物院藏一件景泰款掐丝珐琅器进行了结构工艺上的研究,结合X射线荧光光谱仪的元素分析和拉曼光谱仪的特征拉曼光谱佐证,发现此件珐琅器不同部位如口沿、耳部、颈部、腹部、底足均来自不同的器物。结果显示釉层厚度、釉料颜色、结构关系以及元素成分含量趋势之间的对应关系可互相验证并吻合,明确了此件珐琅器为后期拼配的改制器。本工作应用X-CT成像技术和X射线荧光(XRF)光谱技术对景泰款珐琅器的研究结果科学化、可视化地证实了以前专家学者靠观测得出的推论。     

宝鸡益门出土金柄铁剑镶嵌宝石的化学与矿物学特性

用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及所配备的能谱仪（EDS）、X－射线衍射仪（XRD）对出土的三块宝石的化学及矿物学性质进行了分析研究,结果表明,其中两块宝石为金柄剑镶嵌宝石,其化学组成为绿松石,另一块宝石并非来自铁剑镶嵌物,具有正长石和钙长石的衍射谱图特征;绿松石加工制作过程曾使用了青铜工具进行表面打磨处理,说明我国在春秋时期已经开始使用青铜打磨工具。     

新疆阿勒泰地区早期铁器时代铜器的科学分析研究

阿勒泰地区位于新疆的最北端,与欧亚草原之间存在丰富的文化交流,而冶金技术的发展与人类文明紧密相关,为探究新疆阿勒泰地区的冶金发展情况,选取9件草原游牧文化的代表性器物——铜鍑和马具,使用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线能谱仪及双通道电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪,对16个样品进行金相组织分析和成分分析,并探讨其制作技术特征。研究发现阿勒泰地区的早期铁器时代铜器普遍采用范铸工艺,其成分主要为红铜、砷铜、铅砷青铜。该分析结果为研究新疆阿勒泰地区的冶金发展提供了重要参考。     

便携式X射线荧光现场分析壁画颜料适用性研究——以西藏拉萨大昭寺壁画为例

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪作为快捷的无损分析技术,广泛应用于壁画文物的现场分析中.本文利用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪分析了西藏拉萨大昭寺转经廊壁画,选取部分样品,利用实验室X射线荧光分析,发现所分析颜料的主要显色元素具有一致性,并利用拉曼光谱确定了壁画颜料的成分.通过比较研究,发现便携式X射线荧光光谱仪可确定大部分色彩较为纯正的颜料的成分,同时,由于西藏拉萨大昭寺壁画颜料的杂多性,对于含砷的橙色颜料、含砷或含铅与含铁的黄色颜料、含铜砷的绿色颜料、含钙硫的白色颜料、群青与孔雀石的混合颜料则需结合拉曼光谱确定之.本研究工作显示,利用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪开展现场检测,可极大地减少实验室分析样品的取样数量,有利于壁画颜料的无损分析与微损分析.     

元上都与元中都遗址出土琉璃瓦胎体的检测分析

元代是中国琉璃瓦制作技术发展的重要时期。为探索元代早期和中期琉璃瓦的制作工艺、水平与特点,本文运用X射线荧光分析仪、X射线衍射仪、偏光显微镜与称重法,对元上都与元中都琉璃瓦胎体的组成成分、显微结构、工艺细节和吸水率进行了测试分析。结果显示,两处遗址出土样品的胎体工艺类似,原料均为北方普通易熔黏土。相较于传统琉璃瓦,元中都遗址样品胎体成分特殊,采用了高Mg黏土,提升了琉璃瓦的品质。这一结论对于研究琉璃瓦烧造工艺的转变具有一定意义,为探索中国琉璃瓦工艺发展史提供一定依据。     

六件宋代温州漆器成分结构及工艺剖析

为用现代化学分析手段来揭示古代漆器的髹漆工艺,对六件宋代温州漆器残片成分和髹漆工艺进行了分析。在利用现代化学分析方法,借助扫描电子显微镜、X-射线能谱仪、激光共聚焦拉曼光谱、红外光谱、X-射线粉末衍射、体视显微镜等对漆器残片漆膜成分展开分析。结果表明,红色漆膜的主要成分是朱砂(硫化汞),黑色漆膜的主要显色成分可能是炭黑;漆膜结构劣化降解明显,存在多种微缺陷;漆膜中成膜成分是生漆;截面分层明显;银扣漆器中的扣体成分是锡和二氧化锡的混合物而不是金属银,应命名为锡扣漆器;戗金和描金残片漆灰部分的X射线粉末衍射的分析结果表明漆灰层中有添加动物灰的做法。     

Approaching the Hatch Jasper Quarry From a Technological Perspective: A Study of Prehistoric Stone Tool Production in Central Pennsylvania

Abstract

Mitigation of the Hatch jasper quarry, a “prospect site” in Central Pennsylvania, has enabled the reconstruction of a local system of stone tool acquisition and production. Artifacts from the quarry and the nearby Houserville habitation complex were analyzed using an attribute-based stage typology. This technological approach permitted the separation of geofacts from artifacts, and revealed evidence suggesting that Houserville knappers obtained tool stone from the quarry. Attention was also given to the study of how systematic heat treatment was used to enhance the flaking characteristics of the Hatch quarry jasper. This research highlights the benefits that a technological analysis of flake artifacts, in addition to finished tools, can provide for understanding stone tool production at quarry localities.     

河南省出土石磬初探

本文对河南出土石磬的时代、分布、形制、纹饰、音乐性能等特征进行了分析研究.结果表明,河南石磬的发展繁荣阶段主要集中于商代(特磬)和东周时期(编磬),形制纹饰表现为由粗糙到精致、由素面→绘纹→刻纹→刻铭的发展趋势,音乐性能则体现了所属时代音乐理论的发展水平.     

曾侯乙钟磬与中原钟磬之比较

曾侯乙钟磬与中原钟磬之比较@赵世纲$河南省文物考古研究所!河南郑州市450000编钟;;编磬;;音律;;曾侯乙钟磬;;中原钟磬~~     

Lead pigments and related tools at Akrotiri,Thera, Greece. Provenance and application techniques

This paper refers to an investigation of finds that are associated with the raw materials and tools for the preparation or use of lead pigments at Akrotiri on Thera, Greece, during the Early, Middle and Late Cycladic Bronze Age (c. 3000–1600 BC). For the detection and the preliminary characterisation of remains of pigments that were found on stone tools, the in situ application of X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy proved to be invaluable. In order to identify the chemical composition of the pigments and to investigate their provenance from a geological perspective, quantitative X-Ray Diffraction analysis was conducted. A thorough visual macro and microscopic examination of the morphology of the materials permitted the determination of physical features (colour, homogeneity, grain size) as indicators of their nature or degree of processing. Based on the results of these analyses, the traces of lead oxides that were detected on the stone tools are associated with specific collections of litharge items discovered at the settlement of Akrotiri, and probably provide evidence of their earliest use in preparing pigments.     

四川博物院藏战国铜编钟饰金工艺的科学分析

为研究战国铜编钟饰金工艺,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线无损检测系统等分析仪器,对四川博物院藏战国铜编钟表面饰金纹饰的形态结构、成分和工艺特征等进行科学分析。形态特征显示:编钟表面有开槽,金丝填充于凹槽内,金丝表面存在明显间隙,部分金丝可见涂抹痕迹和边缘流挂痕迹,纹饰附近的基体上有金色颗粒残留。金丝表面未发现捶打或剪裁等加工痕迹,表明编钟装饰的金丝与传统错金工艺使用的金丝存在明显差异。金丝的成分分析结果显示:Au含量大于91.6%,Ag含量为1.0%~4.0%,Hg含量为0.5%~6.0%,且剖面可见大量孔隙结构。从金丝的形态特征和成分推测编钟采用了凹槽鎏金工艺进行装饰,开槽的目的是为了提高鎏金的附着力。此项工作不仅可为开展巴蜀地区青铜装饰工艺研究提供珍贵的数据支撑,也可为我国古代青铜装饰技法研究提供重要的实物资料。     

许灵公墓出土编钟音乐文化因素分析

文章结合许灵公墓出土编钟,探讨了许灵公墓编钟音乐文化深受中原音乐文化与楚音乐文化影响而具有二者兼容特征的音乐文化现象,指出此套青铜编钟是南北文化交融积淀的具体体现,对研究我国先秦编钟与其所涵盖的礼乐文化因素,有着不可替代的价值与作用,也为今后开展对春秋时期青铜编钟文化的深入研究打下了基础.     

曾公(田求)编钟铭文初步释读

2019年,随州枣树林曾国贵族墓地M190出土的曾公(田求)编钟与同墓地出土曾侯與编钟、嬭加编钟铭文可以互相印证,内容非常重要。本文对该编钟铭文进行释读和初步的注释,考订出编钟年代在公元前646年。文章指出曾国的爵称为侯,但是因为曾公(田求)重新得到了周王室的册命,取得了"公"的爵命。文章还利用铭文资料重新探讨了曾国疆域等问题。     

Study on the lithology of stone chimes (stone musical instruments in ancient China) and Lingbi stone

The oldest extant musical instruments in the world are stone chimes. This music was created by the ‘eight tones’ that could be produced by these ‘stone’ voices. Although many of these stone chimes have been unearthed from sites predating the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, their discussion in archaeological reports is usually not very thorough. In this paper, the ancient and modern samples are analysed from the point of view of lithology. The aim is to explore how the ancients chose to make these stones, and to check that the type of stone from which these ancient Chinese stone chimes are made is actually those recorded in previous studies. The results show that most of the ancient stone chimes in China are made of limestone. These chimes required a material with a single, homogeneous and compact mineral composition. Lingbi chimes (a kind of ‘lithophone’ produced in Lingbi county, China, are pure in composition and have a fine microcrystalline structure, which is the best choice for making stone chimes. This paper makes a systematic study of the lithology of Chinese stone chimes. The results supplement a significant lacuna in the study of ‘lithophone’ and ancient stone instruments both in China and on a more global scale.     

北方地区史前时期石城聚落墙体建造技术研究

在新石器时代和青铜时代中国北方地区发现大量防御性的石城聚落,其石砌技术作为北方地区独特的建筑方式,具有区域性、传承性和多元性等特征。归纳起来有石砌矮墙、护坡式石墙、直立式石墙、石砌包台、堑山砌石和分段砌筑等技术。其形成的原因与不同区域出现的年代差异、石材资源的构成和地形地貌等方面有关。     

Croatian Appoxiomenos alloy composition and lead provenance study

An ancient bronze statue of an athlete with a strigil (known as Apoxiomenos) – was raised from the north Adriatic Sea in 1999. In order to help to determine its place and date of manufacture various scientific techniques were used. ¹⁴C dating performed by the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) on the organic material found inside the statue gave calibrated dates between 100 B.C. and 250 A.D. Non-destructive analysis performed by portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) system and external beam Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) spectroscopy could not provide representative results for metal alloy composition due to the electrochemical deterioration of the surface of bronze in seawater. This was observed by the analysis of alloy cross-sections performed by the proton microprobe. The analysis showed much higher lead concentrations on the surface of the bronze than inside, confirming that realistic alloy composition can be only performed on samples taken from at least 0.6 mm below the surface. Subsequent micro-PIXE analysis on metal cross-section showed inhomogeneous lead concentrations between 1 and 12%. Lead isotope analysis for provenance investigation has been done on 15 samples using Multi Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Analysis showed that lead isotope composition is consistent with some of the lead ores originating either from the Eastern Alps or from Sardinia. Altogether, the results lead to the conclusion that the statue is not of a Greek origin, but most probable it is a Roman copy of the Greek original.