Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms

Malay texts, Philippine oral traditions, Chinese tributary records and geographies, early Spanish writings, and archaeological evidence from Philippine sites present divergent views of political structures and political economies in Philippine chiefdoms of the late first millennium to midsecond millennium A.D. While some sources claim a political landscape dominated by a few large-scale, highly centralized polities almost wholly supported through foreign trade, others suggest the presence of more heterogeneous and politically segmented configurations of varying scale and complexity and with eclectic economic bases. These disparate narratives are evaluated in terms of methodological biases, their cultural context, and the historical circumstances of their production.     

Battlefield Casualty: The Archaeology of a Captured Gun

Abstract

Many artefacts in museums lack adequate information about the context from which they were collected. Not surprisingly, this often applies to artefacts recovered from battlefields, where chaotic conditions can result in uncertainty about their origins. This paper examines the case of a Second World War German 88 mm gun preserved in an Australian museum. The museum had little contextual information for this weapon, except that the Australian Army captured it in North Africa in 1942, probably after the Second Battle of El Alamein. However, an archaeological analysis of the gun, particularly of damage incurred during battle, can link it to photographs taken after the battle and re-establish its historical context and the circumstances of its acquisition. In this way, a museum artefact can become more than a mere exhibit: it can be made to document its own past.     

Archaeology of a Naval Battlefield: H. L. Hunley and USS Housatonic

The American Civil War shipwrecks H. L. Hunley and USS Housatonic have been the focus of intensive archaeological investigations since the discovery of Hunley in 1995. H. L. Hunley , the world's first successful combat submarine, sank the Union blockader USS Housatonic in 1864, but sank immediately afterwards. In work done prior to the recovery of Hunley in 2000, site-formation processes for both vessels were a primary research focus—a necessary precursor to identifying battlefield behaviour. This paper presents research on the Hunley / Housatonic Naval Engagement Site, where both wrecks are treated as complementary components of a single battlefield site.
© 2006 The Authors     

“历史”释义

本文通过对于汉字“历”和“史”,汉字词组“历史”之字源、词源,及其意义之演变的考订,对“历史”的意义作了新的诠释。“历”字之初形初义,以足行经过禾间,表示有序有度的时间经过;“史”字之初形初义,以手持猎具表示事情。“历史”一词的初义,是历代史书;近代以来,发展出学问、教学科目、过去了的事情之过程等诸种意义。汉字“历史”一词,可以规范成为关于历史和历史学的恰切的文字表述,其所表达的时间、事情、空间和人的意义,已经大体上涵盖了历史学的基本要素,这就为史学史和史学思想的发展奠定了坚实的语言文字基础,也包藏着建立汉字系统的历史学理论之深厚的可能性。     

Context and Interpretation: An Archaeology of Cultural Production

This paper examines the construction of modern-world contexts in historical archaeology. To help draw out and understand the social and cultural contexts of capitalism, colonialism, and modernity, and how they may be materially understood, an explanation of the German history of everyday life school (Alltagsgeschichte) is presented. In this approach, the objects of historical study become the everyday cultural interpretations of past people and how these interpretations actively produced and reproduced cultures. This approach is illustrated by a landscape archaeology of the Bordley–Randall site in Annapolis, Maryland.     

"文明探源:考古与历史的整合"学术研讨会综述

2005年11月23-25日,由河南博物院联合中国社会科学院古代文明研究中心、河南省文物考古研究所共同举办了“文明探源:考古与历史的整合”学术研讨会。为了充分反映这次会议的学术成果,《中原文物》特辟“文明探源”栏目,从2006年第1期起将陆续刊登大会论文。同时也希望有更多的专家学者参与讨论并惠赐佳作,以期推动中国古代文明起源的研究。     

The Archaeology of Historic Battlefields: A History and Theoretical Development in Conflict Archaeology

In the last two and a half decades there have been many advances in the technology available to archaeologists. As new technologies have been used to challenge previously held hypotheses and expand the capabilities of current research, they also have assisted the expansion of archaeology to include conflict archaeology. Although there has been a long history of interest in the material remains of conflict, it is only recently that the necessary tools, methodology, and theoretical approaches have been combined to allow serious scientific contributions to the holistic study of past human conflict. This article provides an overview of the origins of conflict archaeology and research that has helped consolidate the subfield into its present form. We examine the current state of conflict studies and consider what lies ahead for conflict archaeology.     

作为独立学科的考古学--考古学、人类学、历史学学科体系之比较

关于中国考古学的学科归属问题一直存在着争议,一种意见认为考古学属于历史学的范畴;一种意见认为考古学应是人类学的分支学科之一。本将考古学与历史学、人类学的学科体系加以比较,论述了在学科起源、研究内容、研究方法、研究对象、分支学科等方面,考古学与历史学和人类学的差异。从而认为考古学与人类学、历史学有极其密切的联系,但它作为独立学科的趋势是必然的。     

Model Boats in the Context of Maritime History and Archaeology

Funereal, votive or shipbuilders' model boats and ships have been quite well documented in the past, but little research has been undertaken into other wooden models from north-west Europe. There have been over 160 found during archaeological excavations, dating from the 9th to the 19th centuries. A study of these 'toys' is not just a study of objects among the minor arts, but reflects a far more important aspect—a source for interpreting remains of full-size vessels, the hypothetical reconstruction of hull-forms and exploration of new ways of defining unknown vessel-types.
© 2007 The Author     

Archaeology and integrity: The world archaeological congress as a resource for indigenous communities

Resumen El World Archaeological Congress puede servir como un recurso esencial para los grupos indígenas que deseen participar completamente en el ejercicio de la arqueología. Las experiencias de los nativos americanos con la arqueología se pueden comparar con las de otros grupos indígenas, y el código ético, del WAC ilustra hasta que punto esta organización se toma en serio su compromiso de trabajar en cooperación con las comunidades. En este artículo se presentan algunas metas que el WAC tiene que plantearse en relación con los grupos indígenas, incluyendo la educación, el establecimiento de redes de trabajo, la profesionalidad y la gestión de los yacimientos arqueológicos.

---

Résumé Le congrès Mondial d'Archéologie peut être une ressource vitale pour les indigènes désireux de participer pleinement à la profession d'archéologue. Les expériences indigènes américaines avec l'archéologie sont semblables à celles d'autres groupes indigènes et le code l'éthique du WAC démontre jusqu'à quel point cette organisation est sérieuse quant au travail et à la coopération avec les communautés. Il y a plusieurs points de considération pour le WAC au sujet des peuples indigènes, tels que l'éducation, le réseau de communication, le professionalisme et la gestion des sites culturels.

     

《汉书·地理志》所记先秦地理与石峁城为上古帝都之解读

秦汉"上郡"之"上"是对黄帝之敬称或避讳,因黄帝陵所在和黄帝生前活动之地即为上郡。《汉书·地理志》远绍《禹贡》和《周官》,其所记秦汉上郡与其境内的有关遗迹及地名应该都是周代的地理,保留了存留在周人记忆中的关于黄帝部族活动的历史信息及周人早期兴起与迁徙过程的重要信息;《汉书·地理志》等史书互相印证,反映出秦汉上郡曾为黄帝部族活动的中心地,以及黄帝部族后来向南迁徙的历史事实;石峁城作为目前所见中国史前时期最大的城址,以及其与上古史之紧密联系和巧合,称其为上古帝都应该是名副其实。     

山东商代考古与商史诸问题

商文化进入山东是从二里岗文化后期开始的,商族起源于山东、契都蕃在滕县、汤都亳在曹县诸说都不可取。益都苏埠屯商代大墓的族属是商族,不是东夷族,周代薛国是由商代史族所分化的。夷方位于滕县东邻费县境内。鲁分“殷民六族”是原居住在曲阜鲁国周围的商遗民。