侯马、新绛出土两面东周铜镜

侯马、新绛出土两面东周铜镜王金平（山西省考古研究所侯马工作站）１．兽面柿蒂蟠螭纹镜１９５９年侯马Ｈ４区Ｍ２９出土。镜残,圆形,直径９．６厘米。镜厚０．１５厘米。窄平缘,宽０．４厘米。弓形纽,素圆纽座。纹饰由地纹和主纹组合而成。地纹为弦状圆点纹。镜背中...     

山东青州出土十六国时期鎏金铜马具

正20世纪90年代,青州市博物馆对山东省青州市体育场建设过程中破坏的一座墓葬进行了抢救性发掘。墓葬仅存墓底铺砖,具体形制不明。发掘过程中无随葬器物出土,仅从现场征集回一批此墓出土的马具。现将这些器物介绍如下。一青州体育场墓葬出土马具共90余件,包括鞍具、辔具、鞧饰等,均为铜质,通体或局部鎏金,部分器表有錾刻纹饰。马镫2件。形制、纹饰相同。扁条状长柄,上宽下窄,上端有一横穿,下端接椭圆形镫环。     

论鹿石的年代及相关问题

鹿石是大部分表面雕刻有以鹿为主的动物形象和武器工具形象的拟人化石柱,因雕刻的动物形象大多数是有固定造型特征的鹿(俄罗斯学者称之为风格化的鹿),因此把这类石柱统称为鹿石。鹿石主要分布于蒙古共和国,其中西部省份分布最密集。与蒙古接壤的俄罗斯外贝加尔地区以及图瓦和阿尔泰地区、中国的新疆地区有少量分布,哈萨克斯坦共和国东部、俄罗斯东欧部分以及西到德国易北河流域也零星分布极少量与鹿石类似的石雕像。鹿石常竖立     

商周弓形器略说

<正>一、弓形器的分布在商周时期的墓葬和车马坑中,常出土形状像弓的青铜器,俗称其为"弓形器"。其器身作扁长条形,中部稍宽且微微拱起,有的底部有凹槽。两端有对称的曲臂,臂端多铸成带孔的铃,也有作成马头形、蛇头型或球形的,长度在20到50厘米。弓形器主要见于南西伯利亚和我国中原及邻近地区。中原及邻近地区的分布范围西达甘肃灵台、陕西宝鸡,东抵山东青州,滕州,北至北京昌平、河北卢龙、滦县,向南到河南南阳、安徽颍上,更     

唐肃宗建陵出土一件兽面脊头瓦

1970年代,在唐肃宗建陵南门石蹲狮西侧出土一件灰陶质兽面脊头瓦,该兽面瓦平面近似方形,上窄下宽,表面为高浮雕状,后背坦平。坦背与浮雕间的上部有一中空的腔(图一,图二)。正面通高27厘米、下宽26厘米,中上部     

鹿角传奇:鹿石图像的种属辨识

鹿石是古代草原文化的标志性遗产,也是研究亚欧草原早期游牧民族历史的关键材料。而鹿石上动物图像的种属鉴定对理解鹿石的仪式功能和象征意义有不可替代的作用。但有关鹿图像所代表的自然种属,目前国内外似还缺乏专业鉴定,特别风格化一类的鹿图像。鹿角对鹿类种属鉴定有很强的指示意义,据此可知写实性的鹿形象绝大部分是成年的雄性驼鹿,个别是雄性马鹿。风格化的鹿图像则比较复杂,目前只能确认其角所代表的种属。根据每一通鹿石上不同鹿图像的空间位置、相互之间的结构布局,可以找出不同鹿图像其角部形态细部差异的空间原因,进而推导出这类鹿图像的一个基本原型,其它造型均是在此基础上因空间的需要而作相应的删简,这样所有风格化的鹿图像就比较明确——其鹿角很明显应是马鹿角的写照。结合鹿石图像其动物群所代表的生态分布,我们认为鹿石上的鹿图像主要是驼鹿、马鹿的映像,这可能与早期游牧民族的狩猎生计活动密切关联。     

庙湾子古墓群考论

乌鲁木齐市米东区柏杨河哈萨克族乡庙湾子村残存有四棱柱形鹿石和刀型鹿石,且曾出土石器,相邻的独山子村、白杨林子、宋家大坂村及魏家泉村都有岩画分布。位于庙湾子村东南约3公里处山前台地的古墓群由200多座呈东北—西南向链状排列的两排石堆墓葬构成。此类墓葬是乌古斯部族始终保持的墓葬形制。以博格达峰为标志的中天山南北地区是乌古斯部族的发源地,庙湾子村一带正位于该部族早期的核心活动区域。四棱柱形鹿石、刀型鹿石、石器、墓葬群及等地表文物表明当地文化有着较长的时代跨度,至晚自战国末以降便是乌古斯部族及其先民的栖息地。作为该部族标志的狼图腾文化是公元前2世纪上半叶在中天山地区形成的,绘有狼及太阳、月亮(日月)的独山子岩画出自乌古斯人之手,墓葬的时间上限早不过战国末,下限当不会晚于8世纪末。     

山东临朐发现齐六字刀币

1991年10月,沂山乡付兴村村民,在村西北约1200米处的土坡挖土整地时,于地表以下1．5米处发现齐国刀币22公斤。县文管所仅追回230枚,其中有20余枚已残断。据发现者讲,刀币存放于一陶罐中,出土时陶罐已破碎。刀币在陶罐中排放整齐,似用绳串在一起。后到出土地点调查时,并未发现明显的遗迹、遗物。而距出土地点北约1300、东约2500米处即为齐鲁古长城遗址,追回的部分窖藏刀币现藏县文物博物馆。230枚刀币币铭分五种：齐建邦旅法化一枚。通长179‘宽26毫米,重49．2克。背有铭文“卜’。为弧背凹刃,刀窄而短,炳窄而长。背上端有三道横…     

新版台币将于新千年陆续发行

宽永通宝是日本铸期最长、铸量最大、版别最复杂的古钱。它是历史上流入我国最多,收藏者最熟悉的外国钱。 宽永钱分小平和折二两等,我国均可见。史载宽永钱有金银铜铁四种,前两种属赏赐非行用钱,在日本也极难见。铜钱数量最大,有水红铜与黄铜之别。党永小平钱有光背、背字和背星纹三大类;折二钱仅有钱背均匀布有１１条水波纹一种版式。宽永通宝仿中国宝文钱制,钱文对读,书写峻秀纤细,大多铸造较精,钱体厚重适中,官铸,也有粗劣轻薄品,属日本和我国民间私铸。宽永通宝从１６２６年（宽永三年）始铸到１８６７年结束,铸期达２４…     

上海博物馆藏楚简《仲弓》试探

《上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书(三)》(上海古籍出版社,2004年)已经出版,研读再三,感觉《仲弓》一篇于竹简文本复原有许多问题,值得商榷。是以不揣浅陋,尝试编联,简号以数字标志于每简之末。对于部分文字的释读、字句断读,给予新的标点并稍作解释。简单的通假径于释文中表示,文字所从之偏旁有行文不能表示者,在注中说明。依竹简内容看,为孔子与仲弓对话的记录,属先秦标准的语录体文献。据《汉书·艺文志》儒家类,多以孔子弟子之名为其书名篇名。本简文第十六枚简背,即云“中(仲)弓”。又明显可区分为弟子同孔子问“为政”与“事君”两大事类,今整…     

试论贵州地区“石棺葬”的分区与年代

汉晋以降,贵州出现一类以天然薄石板营建墓室、形制与川滇地区石棺葬相似的小型石墓,至宋明时尤为流行,迄今仍有孑遗。早在20世纪40年代,德人鲍克兰在贵州普定进行仡佬族调查时就注意到这类被当地人称为仡佬坟的     

五种含氯铜合金腐蚀产物的拉曼光谱及扫描电镜的分析研究

为深入研究五种含氯铜合金腐蚀产物(氯铜矿、斜氯铜矿、羟氯铜矿、氯磷钠铜石和铜氯矾)的拉曼光谱图,进一步补充金属锈蚀物的拉曼光谱库,采集不同考古来源的铜合金上腐蚀产物的拉曼光谱,并结合扫描电镜观察了腐蚀产物的形貌特征。研究结果表明,氯铜矿、斜氯铜矿和羟氯铜矿3个同分异构体的拉曼光谱并不相同:氯铜矿和斜氯铜矿较为常见,且经常混合在一起;羟氯铜矿不稳定,非常少见,一般与其他两种混合在一起。扫描电镜观察氯铜矿主要为粒状形貌,同时也发现有葡萄状、皮壳状、钟乳状等形貌;羟氯铜矿因少见,目前只观察到板状形貌。氯磷钠铜石腐蚀产物较厚且疏松柔软,常发现于干旱地区有动物或人遗骸墓葬的出土器物上,扫描电镜观察呈花瓣形状的蓓蕾形貌。铜氯矾更为少见,笔者目前只在2件器物上发现。同时对5种腐蚀产物的形成原因进行了讨论。     

Bundled Worlds: The Roles and Interactions of Complex Objects from the North American Plains

This paper explores the many dimensions of power exercised by ceremonial bundles that have been held by North American Plains groups since time immemorial. Because bundles are multifarious but strictly ordered sets of objects, they embody the corpus of ecological and cosmological knowledge needed to survive in the human and supernatural worlds. Bundles, like persons, are subject to hierarchical and heterarchical power relations that parallel societal relations within tribal groups. Observations are drawn about the value of studying complex objects such as bundles for expanding and refining archaeological systematics.     

Assessing the level of visibility of cultural objects in past landscapes

Visibility is often understood to play a significant role in the placement of cultural objects within past landscapes. In recent years, GIS-based visibility studies have become popular as a method for assessing the role of views to and from sites and features. A significant drawback to these analyses is that they do not take into account how far an object can be clearly seen and recognized. A number of factors influence the visibility of objects, including the limits of human visual acuity, environmental effects such as atmospheric extinction, and the physical properties of object and surroundings. Current approaches that attempt to account for these influences focus on defining visual zones, but are limited because they do not directly address object size. A fuzzy viewshed approach, modified to account for target size, is suggested as a solution for assessing the level of visibility of cultural objects in past landscapes.     

The Evolution of Happiness

The authors reveal a dramatic but previously unsuspected pattern in archaeological illustration: the presence of smiling faces composed of artifacts arranged in plates of archaeological illustrations and photographs. In this paper, we explore the possible meanings that lurk behind and emerge from these mysterious portraits, questioning whether they are byproducts of human agency or whether, instead, they represent new examples of how material objects act back on (or “interfere with”) human agency.     

杭州出土白瓷制作年代与产地的研究

近年来,杭州出土了一批白釉瓷器残片,特别是一些具有定窑风格的白瓷样品引发了众多考古工作者和古陶瓷爱好者的关注与浓厚兴趣。为探究其制作年代和产地,采用热释光技术和X射线荧光无损分析技术相结合的方法对一批杭州出土具有定窑风格的白瓷样品进行了检测分析。测试结果表明,这批白釉瓷片样品制作年代约处在北宋末年到南宋早期,胎的化学组成中Al₂O₃含量较高,最低24.78%,最高达33.06%,具备北方瓷器特点;胎中微量元素Rb、Sr、Zr含量的比例以及钙镁碱釉的特征与河北曲阳定窑极为相似。综合文献及其它人文考证,这批杭州出土的白瓷应该为北宋晚期至南宋早期产自于河北的定窑瓷器。此分析结果也将为研究宋金贸易及文化提供科学依据。     

Boiled versus unboiled: a study on Neolithic and contemporary human bones

Bones treated at low temperature do not present major modifications although, macroscopically, boiled bones may be distinguished from unboiled ones as they are smoother, lighter and more transparent. Such observations should correspond to textural modifications at a nanometric level and should depend on boiling time. In this study, contemporary human bones, boiled during various time intervals, were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption (BET). The results were used to estimate the boiling time in four archaeological samples (Neolithic bones from Malalmuerzo cave, Spain). It is concluded, comparing Neolithic bones to contemporary ones and from the textural characterization at a nanometrical level, that two of the archaeological bones were boiled and that they were boiled for less than 6 hours.     

The meals in a Tuscan building yard during the Middle Age. Characterization of organic residues in ceramic potsherds

The characterization of organic residues found in ceramics objects coming from the Carmine Convent in Siena (Central Italy), probably built in the second half of the 13th century, is described. The nine objects analyzed in this study are pots, casseroles, and lids and they were used as filling material of the vault of one room of the convent.     

Moving with practices: the discontinuous,rhythmic and material mobilities of leisure

When considering mobilities within social life, researchers have emphasized the importance of enactment and embodied practices. Yet such understandings of practice as praxis—human action in general—have often left the relationship between practices and mobilities vaguely characterized. This paper therefore engages with an understanding of practices as praktik—distinct patterns of social action made up of interconnected elements—in order to explore how people move not only with cars and trains but also with practices. Praktik provides a context for studying the multiple mobilities of people, objects and ideas, highlighting important dynamics of performance and units of study. Leisure subcultures, the empirical focus of the paper, are important social practices and yet limited attention has been given to how they rely upon and are constituted by mobilities. Drawing upon a qualitative study of patchwork quilting and bird watching, the paper demonstrates that enacting leisure is inextricable from enacting discontinuous mobilities. Enthusiasts' goals lead to common experiences of travelling-in-anticipation and travelling-in-disappointment, while the systematic circulation of objects, such as bird lists and bird books, shape travel even when they are not moving alongside participants. In this way, leisure practices unfold through temporally marked patterns of mobility.     

西汉南越王墓出土陶响器试析

西汉南越王墓出土的数件遗物,具有陶质、中空、内装砂粒、器物外表镂空或装饰有纹饰等特征,发掘报告中按照陶响器进行了命名;徐州狮子山楚王墓出土有外形相似的遗物,却作为洗浴器具命名。通过对比和研究相关器物本身的结构形态、出土位置和伴出物等因素,可以推断南越王墓出土的这几件"陶响器"的真实功能可能也是洗浴用具。