成都商业街船棺葬出土棺木保存状况的初步分析

成都商业街船棺葬是迄今为止发现规模最大的船棺、独木棺合葬墓,为了有效地保护墓葬中出土的船棺、独木棺等大型木质文物,需要对棺木的保存状况进行科学分析。本研究利用元素分析仪、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪和X射线粉末衍射仪,从化学成分与结构角度对出土棺木进行了分析检测。结果表明,出土棺木中碳、氮的百分含量有所上升,而氧、氢的百分含量则有所降低;棺木中半纤维素几乎完全流失、纤维素含量降低、木质素的含量相对上升,纤维素大分子链发生降解,纤维素晶态结构遭到了破坏。因此,需要对船棺、独木棺等进行必要的加固处理,才能避免棺木在脱水过程中发生皱缩、开裂等形变。此结果为后续保护技术选择与工艺实施提供理论指导和科学依据。     

西汉诸侯王墓棺椁及置椁窆棺工具浅论

西汉诸侯王墓在继承前代的基础上多用棺椁,并有相关配套用具,体现出与身份地位相符的棺椁制度。棺椁在质地、重数及装饰等方面均存在着一些差异,反映了多样化的特点。棺椁是盛放墓主尸身的重要设施,在置椁下棺时会使用较多的工具以达到要求,保证安全。相关工具的使用一方面是对旧葬制、葬俗的继承,另一方面又与墓葬形制、结构,棺椁自身特点等密切相关,体现出丧葬礼俗的演进、相应科学技术的进步及诸侯王墓的时代特点和地域特征等。     

自然环境与文化——以僰人悬棺葬等文化现象为案例

僰人是曾经活跃于川南宜宾地区和凉山彝族自治州的部落组织,以渔猎为主,兼作农业和林业。
僰人悬棺是一组悬挂在陡峭涧崖上的木棺。在悬棺的悬崖峭壁上还发现大量岩画,多描绘先民生产、生活情景。
凡此峡谷地貌地区,北至中国长江流域,南至印尼群岛,西达青藏高原,东括太平洋岛屿,均有悬棺存在,形成一条广阔的悬棺葬地带。
明万历年间,僰人在官兵的血腥镇压下,全军覆没,从此销声匿迹。     

乙二醛脱水加固定型曾侯乙墓和包山楚墓彩漆主棺

采用湖北省博物馆陈中行研究员发明的乙二醛复合液法脱水加固定型曾侯乙墓和包山楚墓出土的彩绘漆棺,漆棺脱水处理后色泽正常,保持了脱水前的色彩,未发生开裂变形,强度与脱水前相比有大幅提高。     

成都市新津县大云山东汉崖墓的清理

2005年成都文物考古研究所与新津县文物管理所联合发掘了新津县大云山崖墓群中的一座东汉崖墓。该墓为长方形平顶单室墓,共有9个侧室,残存16具陶棺,出土了少量陶器、青铜器、铁器和石器。该墓是迄今为止四川崖墓中发现的葬具最多、使用时间最长的墓葬。     

A late fourth‐ to early third‐millennium grave from Bahrain,c.3100–2600 BC

This article presents an exceptional burial that was excavated in 1986 by the National Museum of Bahrain. The presence of two ‘Jemdat Nasr’ style ceramic vessels in the grave makes it a unique testimony of occupation on Bahrain Island in the late fourth to mid‐third millennium BC. A local cooking vessel also uncovered from the grave represents the earliest local pottery production so far uncovered in Bahrain.     

周原遗址西周墓葬出土芦苇编织物的材料鉴定及用途研究

西周时期墓葬中有机质的葬具通常保存情况极为不佳,考古学信息不甚明确,因而墓葬研究中往往无法充分利用此类材料,但此类材料具有潜在的考古学研究价值。本研究以2017年度周原遗址齐镇发掘区墓葬内所出严重降解的织物为材料,利用显微技术观察残余的表皮细胞和植硅体形态,鉴定结果表明墓葬内所出织物为芦苇(Phragmites communis),符合先秦文献中对殓席的记载,主要根据《士丧礼》和《既夕礼》两篇内容,梳理了芦苇编织物在丧葬过程中的用法和可能的出土位置,以此进一步判断出土苇席的性质主要为卧席和抗席。     

江苏徐州金山村汉墓

在金山村发现的两座西汉早期墓葬,皆属土坑石椁墓。椁室由较为规整的石板组成,木棺和墓主人的骨骼已朽,随葬品有陶器、原始瓷器、铜器、玉器等。     

河南淅川县徐家岭11号楚墓

徐家岭楚墓位于河南省淅川县南47公里处的仓房镇沿江村郭家窑小组东南,即丹江口水库蓄水前丹江西岸的丘陵上,南距下寺、和尚岭4公里,西面为龙山,东、南面为     

Elemental characterisation of Barbar ceramics from Tell Abraq

The early second millennium levels at Tell Abraq have yielded over 600 fragments of friable, red-ridged pottery with exploding lime grits which is superficially indistinguishable from contemporary, so-called 'Barbar'pottery on Bahrain (1). The Bahraini origin of the Tell Abraq Barbar sherds has been demonstrated by means of proton-induced x-ray and gamma-ray emission (PIXE/PIGME) analysis. In addition, the results of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) of Barbar pottery from Saar on Bahrain (2) have been re-examined, showing that the subgroups which characterise the Tell Abraq material correspond to those found in the Saar corpus. The techniques used on the Tell Abraq and Saar material – PIXE/PIGME and XRF – are compared.     

乾隆裕陵棺椁藏文经咒释读

本文重点对乾隆裕陵内所存棺椁上的藏文经咒进行了释读,作者试图通过此项研究,找到清代皇帝棺椁上所刻藏文经咒的基本内容及其宗教意义,并在此基础上探讨清帝对于藏传佛教信仰的真实历史情况。     

The stone quarry on Jiddah Island,Bahrain

The surface of the small island of Jiddah lying north‐west of Bahrain is covered in traces of stone quarrying, but although the island probably supplied the limestone ashlars for the second‐millennium BC Dilmun temples at Barbar, the sixteenth‐century AD Bahrain Fort and other eminent buildings, no study has ever been made of the ancient quarry. Information from a geological report and a few photographs may, it is hoped, inspire new research.     

古埃及墓葬彩绘材料研究

分析研究了八件古埃及墓葬出土器物,这些器物包括部分传统殡葬遗存,包括木乃伊裹尸、面具、木棺和礼仪器具等。时代大约为古埃及晚期（公元前800到公元400年）,展现出不同的彩绘工艺和风格。本文将提供有关颜料、充填物、调合剂的分析结果。还将讨论古代工艺、时代、老化以及保护问题。另外,还对多种颜料分析手段进行了评估。     

The Dilmun Bioarchaeology Project: a first look at the Peter B. Cornwall Collection at the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology

This article presents an overview of the Peter B. Cornwall collection in the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. Cornwall conducted an archaeological survey and excavation project in eastern Saudi Arabia and Bahrain in 1940 and 1941. At least twenty‐four burial features were excavated in Bahrain from five different tumuli fields, and surface survey and artefact collection took place on at least sixteen sites in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The skeletal evidence, objects and faunal remains were subsequently accessioned by the Hearst Museum. The authors recently formed the Dilmun Bioarchaeology Project to investigate this collection. This article provides background information on Cornwall’s expedition and an overview of the collection. Additionally, skeletal evidence and associated objects from two tumuli in Bahrain, D1 and G20, are presented to illustrate the collection’s potential contribution. Although the tumuli’s precise locations cannot be determined, associated objects help assign relative dates to these interments at the beginning of the second millennium BCE, the Early Dilmun Period.     

郑州市加气混凝土厂东周墓发掘简报

１９９８年１１月,为配合郑州市加气混凝土厂的住宅楼建设,郑州市文物考古研究所在郑州市西环道西侧、西流湖东岸钻探发现一批古墓葬。在报请上级主管部门批准后,对其进行了抢救性发掘,共清理东周墓葬１４座。这里原是一处漫坡岗地,地势东南高,西北稍低,西流湖环绕其西北。（图一）１４座墓葬呈东西向分布在拟建搂房基础内,排列似有一定规律。（图二）现将发掘结果报告如下。 一、墓葬形制 这批墓葬均为土坑竖穴墓,口长２．３米～３．３米,宽１．１２米～２．５米,底长２ ３米～３米,宽１．１２米～２米,墓深２．７８米～６．…     

河南南阳市程庄墓地东周墓葬发掘简报

程庄隶属于河南省南阳市镇平县安子营乡,北距县城约12公里,南距安子营乡政府约0.5公里。墓地分布在程庄与安子营两村之间的农田中,东西长约300米,南北宽     

河南南阳春秋楚彭射墓发掘简报

2008年6月,南阳市文物考古研究所对一座春秋晚期楚墓(M38)进行了发掘。此墓为长方形竖穴土坑墓,墓口南北长7、东西宽5米。葬具一椁二棺,两棺并列于墓室北部。随葬器物有铜器、玉石器、皮甲等。其中铜器制作精美,种类有鼎、簠、盏、盘、匝、斗、浴缶等礼器,戈、戟、殳、镞等兵器以及车马器、工具等。墓中出土5鼎,均为盖鼎。从铜礼器和兵器上的铭文看,墓主彭射为楚国高级贵族。在该墓附近已经发现多座彭氏墓葬,此处应是彭氏家族墓地。     

Heritage erasure and heritage transformation: how heritage is created by destruction in Bahrain

This article suggests that heritage erasure is also heritage transformation. The article is an analysis of alternative contemporary heritage processes in the Arab Gulf state Bahrain. I use three cases to illustrate the diversity of what heritage means in Bahrain and how heritage is transformed through erasure. First, I discuss the vast burial mound fields of ancient Dilmun, which in the process of their destruction due to modern development have been appropriated as some of the most significant national heritage of the Bahrain state. Secondly, I point to a heritage allegedly neglected by the state, the religious shrines of the Shia community, which to this group signify an alternative heritage and history of the islands. Finally, I discuss a potential heritage of the future, based on the recent destruction by Bahraini authorities of the Pearl Monument, which was the centre of the 2011 uprising in Bahrain as part of the so-called Arab Spring. Besides their political differences, the three cases are three different modes of engaging the past, either as past preserved, as a living past in the present or as a past that will change the future.     

The Relationship Between Linear Enamel Hypoplasia and Social Status in 18th to 19th Century Edo,Japan

Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) has been utilised in human bioarchaeology as an indicator of growth disturbance during childhood. However, only a few studies have compared populations of different socio‐economic status in the same time period. This study examines the association between the LEH occurrence pattern and social status in the 18th to 19th century populations in Japan. Detailed archaeological studies on burials from the Edo period (1603–1867) excavated in Tokyo have facilitated estimating an individual's social status by its burial type. In this study, 112 individuals from the Sugenji‐Shokenji site were divided into three burial structure groups (ceramic jar coffins for middle‐class warriors, wooden square coffins for low‐class warriors and townspeople and wooden circular coffins for townspeople) and examined for the general prevalence of LEH, number of LEH and the chronological distribution of LEH. A high general prevalence of LEH was observed in every group, especially in lower canine (79.3–100.0%). However, individuals in the jar coffin group showed a lower prevalence and smaller number of LEH per tooth, suggesting that individuals of higher social status experienced better living environments in their childhood. There was no significant difference in the chronological distribution of LEH formation between coffin groups. Such data are essential for understanding the association between socio‐economic status and living conditions in specific societies in the past. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Empty tombs? The taphonomy of burials on Bahrain

The number of empty tombs on Bahrain has been the focus of several analyses of Bronze Age burial practices on the island. Such analyses, however, have failed to take into account normal taphonomic processes affecting the recovery of bone. Once the factors determining the state of preservation have been accounted for, the frequency of empty tombs found on Bahrain is seen to be comparable to numerous other sites in the world. It is argued that mortuary analysis must take account of the intervening steps between burial in an ancient society and modern excavation of that burial, and that, in the case of Bahrain, elaborate explanations of the absence of human bone are unnecessary.