布雷顿森林体系与特里芬难题

布雷顿森林体系是国际货币体系发展的一个重要阶段.布雷顿森林体系的建立,对战后世界经济的恢复和发展起了重要的作用.但是,布雷顿森林体系是英美为争夺战后国际货币体系控制权进行斗争和达成妥协的产物,它具有难以克服的内在矛盾和弱点.早在20世纪60年代出现的特里芬难题,揭示了这些矛盾与弱点.20世纪70年代初,布雷顿森林体系爆发危机,西方国家相继实行浮动汇率制.在浮动汇率下,布雷顿森林体系的改革迈出了缓慢而艰难的步伐.几十年来,改革并没有取得决定性的成果.在当今金融危机加重的时刻,如何改革和重建布雷顿森林体系,又成为世界经济发展最重要的话题.     

Continuity,Discontinuity and Incoherence in the Bretton Woods Order: A Hirschmanian Reading

This article examines the effects of the Asian crisis and especially the global financial crisis on developmental finance (that is, long‐term project finance and counter‐cyclical liquidity support) and the global financial architecture. In this connection three claims are advanced. The first is positive: that the crises occasioned meaningful although ad hoc, uneven discontinuities. The conjunction of discontinuities and continuities is imparting incoherence to the developmental and global financial architecture. The second claim is normative and controversial. Contrary to the common narrative, emergent incoherence is (on balance) productive of development and stability rather than debilitating. Actors in parts of the global South and East enjoy greater opportunities for institutional experimentation today in comparison with the limited space available in the coherent neoliberal era when the Bretton Woods institutions were monolithic. All of the experiments underway are not equally likely to survive, but even failures can provide lessons and networks that contribute to future successes. Emergent redundancy and new networks of institutional cooperation increase financial resilience. The article also explores the risks of incoherence and redundancy. The third claim is that productive incoherence can be understood within a ‘Hirschmanian mindset’ — an understanding of change and development informed by Albert Hirschman's theoretical and epistemic commitments.     

Multilateral Development Finance in Non‐Western Thought: From Before Bretton Woods to Beyond

Recent initiatives of China and other emerging powers to create new multilateral development lending institutions (MDLIs) are often portrayed as efforts to build upon and/or reform an idea pioneered by Western officials during the Bretton Woods negotiations. However, recent literature has shown that support for MDLIs also had deeper non‐Western roots in the pre‐Bretton Woods era. What led thinkers outside the West to propose MDLIs in that earlier period? How might their ideas be relevant to current non‐Western initiatives to create new MDLIs? This article addresses these questions with a special focus on the ideas of China's Sun Yat‐sen (1866–1925) and Peru's Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (1895–1979). Although their intellectual journeys were quite distinct and their specific proposals differed, these two thinkers advocated the creation of MDLIs for similar reasons that stemmed from their anti‐imperialist sentiments. Their ideas find some echoes in current non‐Western initiatives.     

迈锡尼时代的王权：起源和发展

希腊迈锡尼时代的王权是爱琴研究的一个重要课题,曾长期与"荷马王权"概念相混淆.文章利用线文B泥版文书、考古和荷马史诗等传说资料分析迈锡尼宫殿时期的政治制度,说明迈锡尼人的王权是高度集权的体制,以宫殿为行政管理中心,对国家事务,尤其是经济领域的各项活动实施严格的管理和监控.国王位于社会等级制之首,享有世俗和宗教双重领袖的地位.文章还追溯了迈锡尼时代王权观念和制度的起源和发展,介绍和分析了各种相关假说,并就迈锡尼人君主的宗教职能及其是否具有神性的问题进行了探讨.     

孔祥熙出席布利顿森林货币会议期间致蒋介石密电

1944年7月,中、美、苏、英等多国代表在布利顿森林召开货币会议,为建立战后国际金融秩序奠定了基础.中国参加会议代表孔祥熙7月2日至22日向蒋介石汇报会议情形的6件密电,对于了解会议期间各国立场及中方所作贡献有所助益.     

Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan and the Theological Origins of Secular International Politics

Abstract

Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in Reinhold Niebuhr's scholarship. Many scholars have drawn upon Niebuhr's work in the run up to World War II when drawing analogies to the contemporary struggle with Islamic radicalism. This article explores Niebuhr's writings on Communism in the run up to Vietnam as another possible source for analogies to the current struggle. It concludes with an analysis of contemporary Islamic radicalism using the categories of Niebuhr's analysis. While neither period in Niebuhr's work provides a perfect analogy to the present, there are significant insights to be drawn from this later period in Niebuhr's writing.     

现代国际体系的起源——从体系与单位双重视野出发的论述

通过对中世纪欧洲国际秩序及其原则的追述,从体系和单位双重视野出发考察现代国际体系的起源,我们发现,随文艺复兴时代意大利国际体系的崩溃,西方国际构造的重心发生了从意大利和地中海西移到北大西洋东岸的转移,全球性政治经济初露端倪;而现代强国的最初浮现与形成,则明显地具有它们作为最初的领土集中的现代民族国家这一根本特征。运用体系和单位双重视野,我们还可以获得如下认识:(1)使得现代国际体系的起源具有重大复杂性甚而曲折性的主要因素,相当集中地寓于与西欧现代强国并立的哈布斯堡"传统型半旧帝国";(2)在这起源时代若干萌发中的新要素,很大程度上规定了现代国际体系未来长期演进的基本方向和主要特征。