The culture of investment‐led international development: the Chatham House circle (1939–45) and lessons for today

In 1939–45 an economic group for the discussion of postwar economic order was established at Chatham House, gathering a transnational community of economists and scholars at 10 St James Square in London. Papers were written and seminars were held before—and following—the conference held in Bretton Woods in 1944. Polish‐born economist Paul Rosenstein‐Rodan (1902–1985) coordinated the group, which invoked investment‐led growth and new international institutions for development. Chatham House played a role in making sense of, and disseminating, this new culture of international development. To be clear, this ‘new’ culture was not entirely new, and had its roots in the interwar years, including colonial development policy. Nor was Chatham House the only hub of this culture. This article aims at filling a gap in our understanding of the role of economic research done at Chatham House during the Second World War. In addition, by looking to the past, it may also help at broadening our views on how to globally reignite growth today. Policy‐makers seem to have learnt some of the monetary lessons of the 1930s, but not the development ones of the 1940s. This article is based on sources from the Chatham House archive and brings to special attention articles published in International Affairs.     

A Bretton Woods moment? The 2007–2008 crisis and the future of global finance

The 2007–2008 global financial crisis encouraged speculation about the prospects for a ‘Bretton Woods moment’ in which the global financial system would be radically redesigned. Many of those hoping for this outcome have since become disillusioned with the limited nature of the international financial reform agenda. But the success and innovation of the Bretton Woods conference was made possible by unique political conditions that are not present today, notably concentrated power in the state system; a transnational expert consensus; and wartime conditions. Moreover, a close reading of history reveals that the Bretton Woods system did not emerge from a single moment but rather from a much more extended historical process. If a new international financial system is being born today, it will be a slower and more incremental development process that can be divided into four phases: a legitimacy crisis; an interregnum; a constitutive phase; and an implementation phase. Viewed from this perspective, post‐crisis developments look more significant. The crisis of 2007–2008 has already intensified twin legitimacy crises relating to international financial policy and leadership. It has also generated an international reform initiative that has been unusual for its speed and internationally coordinated nature. Many of the details of this reform initiative remain unresolved and its content and breadth are hotly contested in various ways. We thus find ourselves in more of an interregnum than a constitutive phase. It remains unclear how quickly, if at all, the latter might emerge and in what form.     

'More carrot than stick', British Economic Warfare and Spain, 1941-1944

During the Second World War, economic factors became a centralaspect of Spain's relations to both Britain and Nazi Germany.In 1940, when the Franco regime was on the brink of joiningthe war on the side of the Axis, Britain tried to use Spain’sdependence on imports from the west to convince Franco to retainhis country's neutrality. Although, at the time, British ‘economicappeasement’ was not a major factor in the failure ofGerman-Spanish negotiations, it contributed to Spain's verygradual detachment from Nazi Germany over subsequent years.Between1941 and 1944, the focus of British policy towards Spain movedfrom keeping the country out of the war to restricting the servicesSpain rendered to the German war economy. Franco's sympathiesfor the Nazi regime and the economic and financial benefitsof continuing trade with Germany made British and US economicwarfare activities however only a partial success.     

布雷顿森林体系与"特里芬难题"

布雷顿森林体系是国际货币体系发展的一个重要阶段.布雷顿森林体系的建立,对战后世界经济的恢复和发展起了重要的作用.但是,布雷顿森林体系是英美为争夺战后国际货币体系控制权进行斗争和达成妥协的产物,它具有难以克服的内在矛盾和弱点.早在20世纪60年代出现的"特里芬难题",揭示了这些矛盾与弱点.20世纪70年代初,布雷顿森林体系爆发危机,西方国家相继实行浮动汇率制.在浮动汇率下,布雷顿森林体系的改革迈出了缓慢而艰难的步伐.几十年来,改革并没有取得决定性的成果.在当今金融危机加重的时刻,如何改革和重建布雷顿森林体系,又成为世界经济发展最重要的话题.     

Multilateral Development Finance in Non‐Western Thought: From Before Bretton Woods to Beyond

Recent initiatives of China and other emerging powers to create new multilateral development lending institutions (MDLIs) are often portrayed as efforts to build upon and/or reform an idea pioneered by Western officials during the Bretton Woods negotiations. However, recent literature has shown that support for MDLIs also had deeper non‐Western roots in the pre‐Bretton Woods era. What led thinkers outside the West to propose MDLIs in that earlier period? How might their ideas be relevant to current non‐Western initiatives to create new MDLIs? This article addresses these questions with a special focus on the ideas of China's Sun Yat‐sen (1866–1925) and Peru's Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (1895–1979). Although their intellectual journeys were quite distinct and their specific proposals differed, these two thinkers advocated the creation of MDLIs for similar reasons that stemmed from their anti‐imperialist sentiments. Their ideas find some echoes in current non‐Western initiatives.     

Human Rights and Multilateral Lending: The World Bank,Argentina, and the United States, 1976–1978

Abstract

Since its establishment at the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, the World Bank (WB) has been expected to follow a self-imposed and vaguely defined principle of ‘neutrality.’ According to this principle, the decisions made by the WB and its officers were expected to be based purely on economic criteria, with no input from political considerations. By focusing on the generous support that the WB provided to the dictatorship that ruled Argentina between 1976 and 1983, especially during its formative period (1976–1978), the article examines the concrete aspects of this neutrality and the different ways in which each party involved interpreted and used it. Drawing on never previously consulted WB documents and additional primary sources, it maintains that at a time when the US, the strongest member-state in the WB, strove to make multilateral lending contingent on improvements in the human rights arena, the WB’s alleged ‘neutrality’ provided it with the means and justification to support a regime that egregiously violated those rights. Whatever the exact nature of this so-called neutrality, what is clear is that it was used to enable the WB and member states to ignore US instructions and support a right-wing regime determined to substantially liberalize Argentina’s economy.     

二战期间美国筹建战后世界多边自由贸易体系的历程

第二次世界大战期间,美国在谋求建立战后世界“广泛而持久的”集体普遍安全政治体系的同时,亦致力于构建战后世界金融有序合作、贸易自由开放的全球经济体系。这项全球战略的经济目标,最初体现于1941年8月14日颁布的《大西洋宪章》,正式实施于1944年7月1—22日召开的布雷顿森林会议。     

Rethinking the Emerging Post‐Washington Consensus

The objective of this article is to provide a critical assessment of the emerging Post‐Washington Consensus (PWC), as the new influential vision in the development debate. The authors begin by tracing the main record of the Washington Consensus, the set of neoliberal economic policies propagated largely by key Bretton Woods institutions like the World Bank and the IMF, that penetrated into the economic policy agendas of many developing countries from the late 1970s onwards. They then outline the main tenets of the PWC, emerging from the shortcomings of that record and the reaction it created in the political realm. The authors accept that the PWC, in so far as it influences the actual practice of key Bretton Woods institutions, provides an improvement over the Washington Consensus. Yet, at the same time, they draw attention to the failure of the PWC, as reflected in current policy practice, to provide a sufficiently broad framework for dealing with key and pressing development issues such as income distribution, poverty and self‐sustained growth.     

Between Internationalism and Empire: Ireland,the ‘Like-Minded’ Group,and the Search for a New International Order, 1974–82

This article examines the response of a group of small and medium-sized states to the Global South's demands for a new international economic order in the 1970s and early 1980s. Reading that experience through the eyes of the group's smallest state, Ireland, it describes the rise of a loosely organised collective whose support for economic justice was based on three pillars: social democracy; Christian justice; and a broadly held (if variously defined) anti-colonialism. Internationalism, and in particular support for the institutions of the United Nations, became another distinguishing feature of ‘like-minded’ action, and was an attempt by those states to carve out a space for independent action in the cold war. Détente and the decline of US hegemony helped in that respect, by encouraging a more globalist reading of the world order. Once the United States resumed its interventionist policies in the late 1970s, the room for ‘like-minded’ initiatives declined. Yet the actions of the ‘like-minded’ states should not be understood solely in terms of the changing dynamics of the cold war. This article concludes by arguing for the prominence of empire, decolonisation, and the enduring North–South binary in shaping international relations in a post-colonial world.     

The Italian political system and détente (1963 - 1981)

This article examines the impact of détente on the Italian political system, linking together internal and international dynamics in both the political and the economic spheres. Relying on various new archival sources, it analyzes the conflicting effects on Italy of both the relaxing of Cold War tension and bipolarism, and the 'bipolar' strategy to reassert US hegemony: the failure of the reformist design of the center?-?left of the 1960s; the 'strategy of attention' in 1969?-?71 and its sudden halt; the building of a 'devaluation model' after the end of Bretton Woods, and the consequent shift from Kissinger's neo-centrism to 'national solidarity'. Détente favoured a crisis of the centrist pattern of Italian politics but at the same time the 'bipolar' features of both the US and the Soviet 'strategies of détente' led to a decline in US hegemony, relaunching the DC's centrality and its ability to manage external constraints. Reaganism was to recast US hegemony on a new basis.     

Choosing Peace and Order: National Security and Sovereignty in a North American Borderland, 1837–42

This article considers the international ramifications of the Canadian Rebellions of 1837, in particular their impact on US politics and policy-making as well as on the state of the international border. The Rebellions and the ensuing border raids led to the deployment of US and British forces in the borderlands, not in pursuit of war but in the interest of peace. Ignoring popular agitation in the Canadian colonies and in border states, the British and US governments expressed their commitment to peace and recognised that continued friendly relations required further assertion of central state authority on both sides of the boundary line. Thus, the events of 1837–42 mark an important advance in the development of national security and national sovereignty in North America. This paper expands upon purely national depictions of the Canadian Rebellions and integrates international developments by utilising a borderlands approach and traditional diplomatic history.     

Transnationalism,Transgovernmentalism and Canada–US Relations in the Twenty-first Century

This article assesses the contemporary dynamics of transnationalism in Canada–US relations as the interaction of three key factors: market-driven or “bottom-up” economic integration, sectoral differentiation embedded in transgovernmental relations, and societal (or cultural) transnationalism. It also notes the disruptive and potentially transformative effects of transnational and transgovernmental forces beyond North America which are becoming increasingly central to the calculations of policymakers and major interest groups in both countries. It concludes that transnationalism is a multidimensional phenomenon that appears more likely to facilitate mutual accommodation between the US and its North American neighbors embedded within broader national and international policy streams than to build a broad North American consensus on policy harmonization for the foreseeable future.     

The political requisites of an open international economic system: United States balance of payments policies during the 1960s

This paper explores the political context of an increasingly familiar phenomenon: unilateral interference with international trade and payments. The particular case examined is that of US balance of payments policy between 1960 and 1971, during which time the country which had been the world's foremost advocate of an open world economy attempted to separate the US and international capital markets. The policy is explained at two levels: systemic political imperatives to explain the overall structure of policy choices, and domestic bureaucratic politics to explain the changing sources and objectives of policy. The Bretton Woods system linked US political power to the international monetary system in such a way as to leave the US no choices but those of capital export controls or the destruction of the entire system, as the US balance of payments moved into deficit. The domestic policy process reacting to these international strains followed a pattern of progressive politicisation, which lifted the issue out of the hands of the Treasury and into the White House. Finally, it is suggested that an examination of the political structures which led to restrictive policies in the monetary sphere may shed some light on the current trends toward protectionism in the trade area.     

Book reviews

Books reviewed in this issue. International Relations theory The morality of defensive war. By Cécile Fabre and Seth Lazar. Risk and hierarchy in international society: liberal interventionism in the post‐Cold War era. By William Clapton. New constitutionalism and world order. Edited by Stephen Gill and A. Claire Cutler. International organization, law and ethics 1 See also Cécile Fabre and Seth Lazar, The morality of defensive war, pp. 1453–4, and David Sloggett, The anarchic sea: maritime security in the 21^st century, pp. 1464–5.
Peace diplomacy, global justice and international agency: rethinking human security and ethics in the spirit of Dag Hammarskjöld. Edited by Carsten Stahn and Henning Melber. We the peoples: a UN for the 21st century. By Kofi Annan and edited by Edward Mortimer. Cyber operations and the use of force in international law. By Marco Roscini. NATO's balancing act. By David S. Yost. Conflict, security and defence The rise and fall of intelligence: an international security history. By Michael Warner. The anarchic sea: maritime security in the 21^st century. By David Sloggett. International maritime security law. By James Kraska and Raul Pedrozo. Gender, war and conflict. By Laura Sjoberg. Democratic participation in armed conflict: military involvement in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. By Patrick A. Mello. Governance, civil society and cultural politics 1 Stephen J. C. Andes, The Vatican and Catholic activism in Mexico and Chile: the politics of transnational Catholicism, 1920–1940, pp. 1508–510.
Do Muslim women need saving? By Lila Abu‐Lughod. The Russian Orthodox Church and human rights. By Kristina Stoeckl. Political economy, economics and development Capital in the twenty‐first century. By Thomas Piketty. The system worked: how the world stopped another Great Depression. By Daniel W. Drezner. The great escape: health, wealth, and the origins of inequality. By Angus Deaton. The great convergence: Asia, the West, and the logic of one world. By Kishore Mahbubani. Energy, environment and global health Global resources: conflict and cooperation. Edited by Roland Dannreuther and Wojciech Ostrowski. Nuclear disaster at Fukushima Daiichi: social, political and environmental issues. Edited by Richard Hindmarsh. International history July crisis: the world's descent into war, summer 1914. By T. G. Otte. The Cold War in the Third World. Edited by Robert J. McMahon. Scars of partition: postcolonial legacies in French and British borderlands. By William F. S. Miles. Europe Post‐war statebuilding and constitutional reform: beyond Dayton in Bosnia. By Sofía Sebastián‐Aparicio. The rise of Turkey: the twenty‐first century's first Muslim power. By Soner Cagaptay. Britannia and the bear: the Anglo‐Russian intelligence wars 1917–1929. By Victor Madeira. Russia and Eurasia 1 See also Kristina Stoeckl, The Russian Orthodox Church and human rights, pp. 1469–70, and Victor Madeira, Britannia and the bear: the Anglo‐Russian intelligence wars 1917–1929, pp. 1485–7.
Brothers armed: military aspects of the crisis in Ukraine. Edited by Colby Howard and Ruslan Pukhov. US foreign policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia: politics, energy and security. By Christoph Bluth. Middle East and North Africa Israel since the Six‐Day War: tears of joy, tears of sorrow. By Leslie Stein. U.S.—Iran misperceptions: a dialogue. Edited by Abbas Maleki and John Tirman. Sub‐Saharan Africa Eritrea at a crossroads: a narrative of triumph, betrayal and hope. By Andebrhan Welde Giorgis. Inside South Africa's foreign policy: diplomacy in Africa from Smuts to Mbeki. By John Siko. South Asia Bargaining with a rising India: lessons from the Mahabharata. By Amrita Narlikar and Aruna Narlikar. The Blood telegram: Nixon, Kissinger and a forgotten genocide. By Gary Bass. 1971: a global history of the creation of Bangladesh. By Srinath Raghavan. East Asia and Pacific 1 Richard Hindmarsh, Nuclear disaster at Fukushima Daiichi: social, political and environmental issues, pp. 1477–9.
South Korea's rise: economic development, power, and foreign relations. By Uk Heo and Terence Roehrig. Annual report on China's national security studies (2014). Edited by Hui Liu. Following the leader: ruling China, from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping. By David M. Lampton. Will China dominate the 21^st century? By Jonathan Fenby. North America 1 See also Christoph Bluth, US foreign policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia: politics, energy and security, pp. 1488–9, and Abbas Maleki and John Tirman, eds, U.S.—Iran misperceptions: a dialogue, pp. 1491–2.
US foreign policy and the Iranian Revolution: the Cold War dynamics of engagement and strategic alliance. By Christian Emery. A war that can't be won: binational perspectives on the war on drugs. Edited by Tony Payan, Kathleen Staudt and Z. Anthony Kruszewski. Two nations indivisible: Mexico, the United States, and the road ahead. By Shannon O'Neil. Why walls won't work: repairing the US–Mexico divide. By Michael Dear. Latin America and Caribbean Security in South America: the role of states and regional organizations. By Rodrigo Tavares. 18 dias: quando Lula e FHC se uniram para conquistar o apoio de Bush. By Matias Spektor. The Vatican and Catholic activism in Mexico and Chile: the politics of transnational Catholicism, 1920–1940. By Stephen J. C. Andes.     

Book reviews

Books reviewed in this issue. International Relations theory Hegemony in international society. The problem of harm in world politics: theoretical investigations. The invention of International Relations theory: Realism, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the 1954 conference on theory. International law, human rights and ethics The last utopia: human rights in history. International law, security and ethics: policy challenges in the post‐9/11 world. International organization and foreign policy Humanitarianism contested: where angels fear to tread. Humanitarian intervention: a history. The future of power. A contest for supremacy: China, America, and the struggle for mastery in Asia. Conflict, security and defence Military Orientalism: eastern war through western eyes. Governance, civil society and cultural politics Women under Islam: gender, justice and the politics of Islamic law. Political economy, economics and development Global poverty: how global governance is failing the poor. Global governance, poverty and inequality. Energy, resources and environment China, oil and global politics. China's energy relations with the developing world. The Routledge handbook of energy security. Food security. History Berlin 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the most dangerous place on earth. Who killed Hammarskjöld? The UN, the Cold War and white supremacy in Africa. Documents on British policy overseas, series I, volume IX: The Nordic countries: from war to Cold War, 1944–1951. All hell let loose: the world at war 1939–45. Europe The US–EU security relationship: the tensions between a European and a global agenda. Cultures of border control: Schengen and the evolution of European frontiers. Immigration and conflict in Europe. Les diplomates: derrière la façade des ambassades de France. Civic and uncivic values: Serbia in the post‐Milosevic era. Russia and Eurasia Popular support for an undemocratic regime: the changing views of Russians. Middle East and North Africa The Arab revolution: ten lessons from the democratic uprising. Iran, the Green Movement and the USA: the fox and the paradox. The other side of the mirror: an American travels through Syria. Sub‐Saharan Africa Season of rains: Africa in the world. Inventing Africa: history, archaeology and ideas. South Africa pushed to the limit: the political economy of change. Oil and insurgency in the Niger Delta: managing the complex politics of petroviolence. Consuming the Congo: war and conflict minerals in the world's deadliest place. South Asia Does the elephant dance? Contemporary Indian foreign policy. Religion, caste and politics in India. Secularizing Islamists? Jama'at‐e‐Islami and Jama'at‐ud‐Da'wa in urban Pakistan. The wrong war: grit, strategy, and the way out of Afghanistan. East Asia and Pacific Where China meets India: Burma and the new crossroads of Asia. China in 2020: a new type of superpower. From Mao to market: China reconfigured. Latin America and Caribbean The rise of Evo Morales and the MAS. From rebellion to reform in Bolivia: class struggle, indigenous liberation, and the politics of Evo Morales. Evo Morales and the Movimiento al Socialismo in Bolivia: the first term in context, 2006–2010. Latin America and global capitalism: a critical globalization perspective. Latin American foreign policies: between ideology and pragmatism.     

Rent control measures of immediate post‐war period (1944–1952) and their impact on urban development in Greater Athens

The purpose of this paper is first to highlight the importance of the immediate post‐war period in influencing development trends and spatial policy in post‐war urban Greece and Athens in particular. Second in this respect, to stress on the critical impact of rent control measures adopted in response to specific social economic and political issues which emerged at the time. Rent control—together with other exceptional reconstruction measures—contributed above all to the reinforcement of the post‐war development pattern, founded on owner occupation and self‐financed Property development. This in the short run acted against a planned policy rationale and to the various planned attempts formulated during reconstruction. In the long run, it has also acted as a determinant for the consolidation of an ‘non‐planning policy’ situation persistent in Athens and in most urban areas in Greece.     

Book reviews

Books reviewed in this article: International Relations theory Taming the sovereigns: institutional change in international politics. By K. J. Holsti. International ethics Glimmer of a new leviathan: total war in the realism of Niebuhr, Morgenthau, and Waltz. By Campbell Craig. International law and organization The politics of international law. Edited by Christian Reus‐Smit. International justice and the International Criminal Court: between sovereignty and the rule of law. By Bruce Broomhall. Enemy aliens: double standards and constitutional freedoms in the war on terrorism. By David Cole. The UN Security Council from the Cold War to the 21st century. Edited by David M. Malone. Foreign relations An alliance at risk: the United States and Europe since September II. By Laurent Cohen‐Tanugi. Friendly fire: the near‐death of the transatlantic alliance. By Elizabeth Pond. The Middle East's relations with Asia and Russia. Edited by Hannah Carter and Anou‐shiravan Ehteshami. A dictionary of diplomacy. 2nd edn. By G. R. Berridge and Alan James. Conflict, security and armed forces Allies: the US, Britain, Europe, and the war in Iraq. By William Shawcross. Politics, democracy and social affairs Revolutionary and dissident movements of the world. 4th edn. Edited by Bogdan Szajkowski. Ethnicity and cultural politics The search for Arab democracy: discourses and counter‐discourses. By Larbi Sadiki. International and national political economy, economics and development Transatlantic economic disputes: the EU, the US, and the WTO. Edited by Ernst‐Ulrich Petersmann and Mark A. Pollack. Behind the scenes at the WTO: the real world of international trade negotiations. By Fatoumata Jawara and Eileen Kwa. In defense of globalization. By Jagdish N. Bhagwati. La mondialisation et ses ennemis. By Daniel Cohen. History Britain and Europe since 1945: historiographical perspectives on integration. By Oliver J. Daddow. Democracy and US policy in Latin America during the Truman years. By Steven Schwartzberg. Europe Toward a European army: a military power in the making? By Trevor C. Salmon and Alistair J. K. Shepherd. Inescapable questions: autobiographical notes. By Alija Izetbegovic. The demise of Yugoslavia: a political memoir. By Stipe Mesic. The future of Turkish foreign policy. Edited by Lenore G. Martin and Dimitris Keridis. Russia and the former Soviet republics Russia in search of itself. By James H. Billington. Russland und der postsowjetische Raum. Edited by Olga Alexandrova, Roland Götz and Uwe Halbach. Russian foreign policy and the CIS: theories, debates and actions. By Nicole J. Jackson. Middle East and North Africa Iran, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf: power politics in transition. By Faisal bin Salman al‐Saud. Sub‐Saharan Africa Accounting for horror: post‐genocide debates in Rwanda. By Nigel Eltringham. Politics in South Africa: from Mandela to Mbeki. By Tom Lodge. Beyond the miracle: inside the new South Africa. By Allister Sparks. Asia and Pacific Le voile et la bannière: l'avant‐garde féministe au Pakistan. By Christèle Dedebant. China's techno‐warriors: national security and strategic competition from the nuclear to the information age. By Evan A. Feigenbaum. Kim Jong‐Il: North Korea's Dear Leader. By Michael Breen. North Korea: another country. By Bruce Cumings. Latin America and Caribbean Latin American and Caribbean foreign policy. Edited by Frank O. Mora and Jeanne A. K. Hey.     

Book reviews

Books reviewed in this issue International Relations theory Ethical reasoning in international affairs: arguments from the middle ground. Edited by Cornelia Navari. Interpreting global security. Edited by Mark Bevir, Oliver Daddow and Ian Hall. After liberalism? The future of liberalism in International Relations. Edited by Rebekka Friedman, Kevork Oskanian and Ramon Pacheco Pardo. The end of conceit: western rationality after postcolonialism. By Patrick Chabal. Back to basics: state power in a contemporary world. Edited by Martha Finnemore and Judith Goldstein. International organization, law and ethics Justice among nations: a history of international law. By Stephen C. Neff. International responsibility and grave humanitarian crises: collective provision for human security. By Hannes Peltonen. Global justice, Kant and the Responsibility to Protect: a provisional duty. By Heather M. Roff. Liberty and security. By Conor Gearty. Conflict, security and defence 1 See also Hannes Peltonen, International responsibility and grave humanitarian crises: collective provision for human security; and Heather M. Roff, Global justice, Kant and the Responsibility to Protect: a provisional duty, both pp. 705–6.
Just and unjust military intervention: European thinkers from Vitoria to Mill. Edited by Stefano Recchia and Jennifer M. Welsh. Genocide and International Relations: changing patterns in the transitions of the late modern world. By Martin Shaw. Governance, civil society and cultural politics A history of Jewish‐Muslim relations: from the origins to the present day. Edited by Abdelwahab Meddeb and Benjamin Stora. Acts of union and disunion: what has held the UK together—and what is dividing it?. By Linda Colley. The confidence trap: a history of democracy in crisis from World War I to the present. By David Runciman. Political economy, economics and development Wrong: nine economic policy disasters and what we can learn from them. By Richard S. Grossman. Energy, environment and global health What's wrong with climate politics and how to fix it. By Paul G. Harris. A journey in the future of water. By Terje Tvedt. International history The bombing war: Europe 1939–1945. By Richard Overy. Europe The EU and military operations: a comparative analysis. By Katarina Engberg. Britain and Germany imagining the future of Europe: national identity, mass media and the public sphere. By Leonard Novy. Russia and Eurasia The readers of Novyi Mir: coming to terms with the Stalinist past. By Denis Kozlov. Believing in Russia: religious policy after communism. By Geraldine Fagan. Fragile empire: how Russia fell in and out of love with Vladimir Putin. By Ben Judah. Middle East and North Africa Armies and state‐building in the modern Middle East: politics, nationalism and military reform. By Stephanie Cronin. The wisdom of Syria's waiting game: foreign policy under the Assads. By Bente Scheller. South Asia Aspiration and ambivalence: strategies and realities of counterinsurgency and state building in Afghanistan. By Vanda Felbab‐Brown. Afghan lessons: culture, diplomacy, and counterinsurgency. By Fernando Gentilini. Translated by Angela Arnone. Remapping India: new states and their political origins. By Louise Tillin. East Asia and Pacific The struggle for order: hegemony, hierarchy, and transition in post‐Cold War East Asia. By Evelyn Goh. Transition scenarios: China and the United States in the twenty‐first century. By David P. Rapkin and William R. Thompson. Tyranny of the weak: North Korea and the world, 1950–1992. By Charles K. Armstrong. Tibet: an unfinished story. By Lezlee Brown Halper and Stefan Halper. North America Understanding American power: the changing world of US foreign policy. By Bryan Mabee. America's war on terror: the state of the 9/11 exception from Bush to Obama. By Jason Ralph. Latin America and Caribbean Cuba in a global context: international relations, internationalism, and transnationalism. Edited by Catherine Krull.     

Shifts in the Global Capitalist Economy and the National Economic Domain

The greater part of regional development theory and thinking focuses most attention either upon spatial structure within nation states or upon inherent tendencies/free market forces within capitalist social formations/domestic economies. The great significance that is attached to the nation state is entirely understandable in terms of the historical specificity of the re-emergence of regional development studies in the post-war era. It is, however, no longer a sufficiently adequate basis for analysis Rather, it is necessary to commence analyses with a consideration of shifts in the global capitalist economy. Whilst the significance of the impacts of the growth in the internationalisation of production have been noted, more attention needs to be devoted to shifts from public to private economic power and from order to disorder in international finance markets. These shifts are not accidental They can be traced to internal weaknesses and inconsistencies in the Bretton Woods arrangements which eroded their ultimate foundation, that of monetary stability. As one consequence, the unregulated growth of private economic power, endemic instability and extreme volatility in international finance markets have all directly and indirectly undermined and eroded the extent of control over domestic economic policy on the part of the nation state