England’s trade with the Continent in the early thirteenth century: customs and the port of Dover

ABSTRACT

This article identifies and prints the earliest detailed customs list from northern Europe, which was prepared for the port of Dover in 1233 or soon after, and it gives fuller and more detailed information about trade than for any other northern European port at this date. The list shows a remarkable diversity of trade, including some of the earliest references to particular goods in English documents, and widespread sources of trade including Flanders, Germany and Italy. The depiction of such trading links prompts questions about the ‘commercial revolution’ and the development of European trade, for it shows how varied trade and consumption could be in the era of the fairs of the Champagne towns, before the establishment of direct maritime links from the Italian cities to northern Europe. The appearance of commodities and trading links in the Dover list suggest that commercial development was earlier and more evolutionary.     

抗战时期日商洋行在安徽的商业垄断经营

抗战期间,日军为了达到"以战养战"的目的,在华中等占领区实行经济统制政策,设立洋行,以便掠夺资源和倾销洋货。在安徽沦陷区,广设洋行,排斥华商,垄断贸易,对居民和商店实行"配售",倾销日货;指定日本大商行负责所有军粮等采购,形成上下层级分明的洋行购买组织,垄断商业。其商业垄断经营形式多样,危害很大,严重破坏了市场秩序及沦陷区人民的生产和生活。     

清代山东周村镇的商业

周村是清代山东著名商镇之一。其兴起在康熙-乾隆年间,清代中叶迅速发展。云集周村的各省客商中,北方商人以晋商势力最强,南方商人则以福建为多。道光年间汇聚周村的商人商号可达八九百家乃至千家。周村从南方输入的商品主要是绸缎、杂货,在本地集散的商品则有棉布、生丝、丝绸、茧绸等。清中叶以降,周村开始从单纯的商业中心向加工制造业中心转化,其所产棉布、丝绸不仅占领了东北、华北的广大农村市场,且有一部分打入城市市场。     

试论清代的漕粮海运文化

晚清漕运的主体方式是海运,在6口余年的海运过程中,逐渐形成了以祭祀海神、修建会馆和撰写诗歌为特色的海运文化。这一独特文化现象的出现,既是清代漕粮海运的重要组成部分,也是当时社会风尚的合理延伸。     

驰骋西北的平阳商帮

平阳商帮作为晋商的一支,明清两代是其发展的重要阶段,清末民初逐渐由繁盛走向衰落。平阳商帮经贸西路,其经营地点基本为丝绸之路沿线城市如西安、兰州、银川、武威、酒泉、西宁等,其经营行业涉及盐业、冶铁业、布业、烟业及茶叶等。明朝"开中法"的实施为平阳商人经贸西路拉开了序幕,丝路贸易的繁荣吸引平阳商人前去经商,"互通有无"的商业模式给平阳商人提供了商机,便利的交通亦是平阳商人经贸西路的重要条件。     

清代山西商人和酒业经营

山西酒(來夕曲)制造特别是汾酒的酿造和经营在清代更为兴盛,汾酒在国内外的名气也更大.而在华北和江淮等地投资酒(來夕曲)踩造并从事酒(來夕曲)贩运的,就是山西商人,兴盛的北京酒业也基本上是由山西商人垄断的,体现出山西商人是从事酒(來夕曲)经营活动的重要力量.     

明清北京通州运河水系变化与码头迁移研究

明清时期,通州是大运河北端的漕运枢纽,漕运物资悉经通州码头转运至北京。由于通州一带土质松软,水道迁徙频繁,对漕运码头影响巨大。在自然水道自身变化和人力整治的叠加作用下,通州运河水系格局屡有变迁,位于通州附近的运河码头分布和功能也随着水系格局改变而迁移和调整。本文从分析明清时期通州运河水系格局变迁入手,梳理通州码头兴衰起伏和迁移分布过程,以阐述河道变迁与通州漕运码头之间的依存关系。通州码头变迁实际上是人与自然之间互相作用,互相影响的结果。     

清代前期淮安关税收的盈绌原由

清代康熙二十年代起开海贸易,海运日盛,南北商品流通量大增,原来由运河展开的南北商品流通格局变为运道和海道并行展开,海运量日增,运河量相形减少,淮安等榷关税收随之减少.清代前期特别是乾隆五年苏北海州青口豆船允准直接对渡江南太仓刘河,原来须经运河南下而在淮安纳税的苏北沿海豆粮改由海运南下,海州周围以至苏北更广地区商民取便就近从海道南运商品,更导致通过淮安的苏北商品量大减.商人采取各种手段违禁绕越偷漏税款,更严重影响淮安关税的如额征收.     

Islamic cosmopolitanism out of Muslim Asia: Hindu–Muslim business co-operation between Odessa and Yiwu

This article explores the forms of cosmopolitanism that form an important element of the identities and activities of long-distance Muslim merchants involved in the global trade in Chinese commodities. It focuses on two nodes that are central for this type of trade: Odessa on Ukraine’s Black Sea coast and Yiwu in China’s Zhejiang Province. Ethnographically, the paper focuses on the commercial and social ties that exist between Muslim traders from Afghanistan and those who identify with the country’s dispersed Hindu ethno-religious minority. It argues that the ability to manage heterogeneous social and religious relationships is of critical significance to the activities and identities of these commodity traders.     

从历史地理看徽商的兴衰

多山少地的生存环境、俭朴的生活、商业中的诚信、儒家思想的影响,对徽商的形成和发展或许都起过作用,但对徽商这样一个商业群体来说,决定性的因素还是商品和市场.从历史地理的角度看,即根据当时的地理环境加以考察,徽商充分利用地理优势,稳定占有以长江三角洲为主的市场,经营的商品也摆脱了原籍的局限.与政治权力的结合使徽商获得食盐营销的特权,并以此迅速致富.徽商的最终衰落也在于市场的丧失和商品落后.     

上海私营工商业与人民胜利折实公债

1950年发行的人民胜利折实公债,是新中国成立后发行的第一笔国家公债,也是唯一一次折实公债,是国家克服当时困难、稳定金融物价的重大举措.第一期全国发行1万万分,上海承担了其中的3000万分,占华东的2/3,占全国的近1/3的份额,而这主要是由上海私营工商业者承担的.上海私营工商界响应政府号召,努力克服自身暂时的困难,顾全大局,积极认缴公债,表现了他们的爱国主义精神.     

明代地域商帮兴起的社会背景

In the mid-Ming Dynasty, the means of transportation were greatly improved; commodity production became more developed; silver was gradually monetized; commercial taxes became lighter; and social attitudes towards merchants changed. All these developments created a favorable environment for the formation of regional merchant groups. Meanwhile, social factors at the regional level—characteristics of local commodity production, favorable natural environment and production structures, as well as Ming government’s practice of border defense, border trade, foreign policy, local customs, and the interpretation of commercial activities of local people—all contributed to the emergence of merchant groups. Translated by Wu Yanhong from Tsinghua Daxue Xuebao 清华大学学报 (Journal of Tsinghua University), 2006, (5): 81–94     

区域社会史视野下的明清泽潞商人

在关于晋商的研究中,泽潞商人没有受到足够的重视,以致晋中票商几成晋商的代名词。实际上,明清泽潞商人以经营盐铁、丝绸等闻名天下,同时在地区性贸易活动中扮演了重要角色。更为重要的是,从区域社会史的视角,即在区域社会变迁的具体情境和脉络中去理解,而非从传统的商业史视角去思考,可能为晋商研究提供新的思路。     

晚清中朝定期航线的开设背景及其影响

据1882年中朝之间签订的《中朝商民水陆贸易章程》第七条,中朝之间正式开设定期航线。此定期航线对中朝贸易产生了压倒性影响。具体而言,此航线不但使中国能够奠定在朝鲜渗透经济的基础,而且对华商在朝鲜市场扩大商权起决定性作用。与此相对,此航线在朝鲜商人中产生影响甚微。其结果,定期航线使两国贸易进入不平等贸易时期。     

Proceedings of the royal Scottish geographical society

Itinerant merchants have been an integral part of world trade since at least the time of the earliest Silk Route from China to the West. Today a group of traders from Nepal maintain this tradition. Today their travel is by economy jet and inexpensive train. The countries involved are primarily thos6 with historic ties to the mercenary Ghurka forces under the British. The traders are well organized and limited to a few‐families, primarily from the Pokhara Valley in Nepal. Their goods begin with products from Nepal and Tibet, but they also move goods gathered along their route. They represent a charming anomaly in the modern world, a touch of the old Asia.     

清代晋商在禹州的经营活动——兼论禹州药市的发展脉络

清代的禹州商业有一个以杂货转运为主到药材集散为主的变化过程。晋商是最早活跃于此的重要商帮,其经营以棉布、茶叶等“杂货”转运山西,以及禹州本地所产瓷器、“禹布”输出为主,药材只是其中的一部分。直到咸同之际杂货贸易仍是禹州市场的主角,故同治元年最早开征的厘金为“百货厘”。禹州作为药材市场的兴起始于乾隆年间,并在与洪山庙药市的竞争中取胜。除地方政府的支持外,晋商早期经营活动奠定的市场基础是禹州药市得以顺利发展的重要原因。清代后期怀帮以及各地药商大量涌入,晋商中经营药材业者也有大幅增长;同光年间药材贸易逐渐超过杂货成为禹州市场上最重要的商品,禹州也成为华北的三大药市之一。     

‘Cloths with Names’: Luxury Textile Imports in Eastern Africa,c. 1800–1885

In the nineteenth century, a vast area of eastern Africa stretching the length of the coast and into the reaches of the Congo River was connected by long-distance trade mostly channelled through the Omani commercial empire based in Zanzibar. As studies have recently shown, a critical factor driving trade in this zone was local demand for foreign cloth; from the 1830s the majority of it was industrially made coarse cotton sheeting from Europe and America, which largely displaced the handwoven Indian originals. Employing archival, object, image and field research, this article demonstrates that until 1885 luxury textiles were as important to economic and social life in central eastern Africa, textiles known to the Swahili as ‘cloths with names’. It identifies the thirty or so varieties which élites — and, increasingly, the general population — selected for status dress and gifts, instrumental in building the commercial and socio-political networks that linked the great region. Finally, it shows that the production and procurement of most varieties remained in the hands of Asian textile artisans and merchants; most prestigious and costly were striped cotton and silk textiles handcrafted in western India, and in the southern Arabian nation of Oman. European industrial attempts to imitate them were hampered by several factors, including their inability to recreate the physical features that defined luxury fabrics in this region — costly materials, rich colours, complex designs and handwoven structures.     

明清时期山东运河区域的徽商

明清时期,山东运河区域以其便利的交通,优良的棉、麦、梨、枣等土特产和市场活跃的工商业城镇,吸引大批徽商来此货殖;他们主要集中在临清、济宁等区域中心城市,从事布帛、食盐、典当、杂货、中药等行业的经营;徽商在侨寓地还进行联姻、入籍、科考、捐资等活动,树立起了"义利兼顾"的"良贾"形象.徽商在山东运河区域的长期居住经营,不仅在一定程度上改变了一些城镇的居民结构,而且促进了山东运河流域的南北物资文化交流,带动了这一区域社会经济的发展.     

A Study of Suzhou as the Economic Center of China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

As the biggest tax payer in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties, Suzhou was the most prominent center to provide tax, money and grain for the country. It was known for its commodity production of silk, cotton, and printed materials. Suzhou’s wood manufacturing and processing industry were also unrivaled. Meanwhile, Suzhou was famous for jade carvings, embroidery, mounting, lacquer, musical instruments and other processing industries of copper, iron, gold, silver, etc. As a world-famous center of commodity production and processing, Suzhou exported the local commodities and imported various kinds of raw materials. Suzhou was also a transportation center in China, transporting goods and materials across the country and balancing the market. Financial institutions such as banks and exchange shops were established in Suzhou as well, where the circulation of silver and copper coins was voluminous and the use of foreign silver coins started early. With advanced financial settlement methods, Suzhou absorbed the capital from towns and cities nearby, profited from high cash turnover, and became a highly developed financial center. As far as the economic aggregate, commodity production and circulation were concerned, Suzhou was a far more advanced urban center than Hangzhou which was another industrial and financial city.     

中国商会代表团参加太平洋商务会议述论

太平洋商务会议不仅是一次比较完整意义上的商人外交活动,而且是中国商人外交继五四时期之后的又一次跨越。这次会议由联太平洋协会这一国际商人外交组织发起,由太平洋地区各国工商界所派代表参加,对中国商人来说是第一次直接的国际商人外交活动。通过这次会议,中国向世界发出了要求国际和平,反对政治侵略,希望太平洋各国建立真正友谊的呼吁;阐明了中国商务发展的障碍,以及建立平等国际经济秩序的必要性;宣传了中国工商业发展情况,消除国际上对中国商务状况的误会;提出了开发资源、发展交通、增进国际商务合作的主张。会议通过了许多有利于中国的议案,推进了中国工商界联美制日的外交策略,也增进了中国商人走向世界的意识。