中世纪西欧女性的经济地位探析

中世纪贵族女子拥有可观的财产,也积极参与着家庭的经济活动,但经济地位并不高,未婚贵族女子的经济地位附属于自己的父母,已婚贵族女子的经济地位则屈从于自己的丈夫。中下层妇女在中世纪西欧的城市经济中进行了积极的参与,活跃于各个领域,但还是有不少行会对女性有着诸多限制。中世纪西欧的女性的经济地位与其对经济的作用是极其不平衡的。     

值得一读的《西欧中世纪城市新论》

由湖南师范大学刘景华教授著 ,湖南人民出版社 2 0 0 0年出版的《西欧中世纪城市新论》一书分上、下两篇 ,共 9章 2 9节。上篇以“城市与西欧社会经济发展全局之关系研究”为题 ,把城市的兴起和发展同整个社会经济的发展变化结合起来 ,全方位地探讨城市产生的社会经济背景 ,城市在社会经济中的定位和变化 ,城市自身的危机和转型等。作者通过对城市与乡村主要是周围农村的关系的研究 ,得出结论 :城市必须依靠农村经济的支持 ,才能获得生存和发展 ;但城市必须尽快摆脱封建农村的束缚 ,才能走向独立与繁荣。作者还指出 ,自 1 5世纪起城市人口、…     

中国和西欧封建城市的差异

封建城市问题,直接关系着封建社会的命运和前途。中国与西欧的封建城市。尽管有许多共同点,但也有很多不同点。本文从起源、主权、内涵、组织、作用和使命等几个方面,把中国和西欧的封建城市进行了比较。     

中国和西欧封建城市的差异

封建城市问题,直接关系着封建社会的命运和前途。中国与西欧的封建城市。尽管有许多共同点,但也有很多不同点。本文从起源、主权、内涵、组织、作用和使命等几个方面,把中国和西欧的封建城市进行了比较。     

经济-社会史本土化的尝试--评《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》

西欧尤其英国为何能够较快实现社会转型,而中国的社会转型却举步维艰？这一历史上有名的“李约瑟之谜”,已引起国内外学术界的普遍关注,成为一个极具挑战性的世界性热门话题。各家看法纷沓而至,由“世界体系说”而“产权革命”,由“物质明”而“宗教伦理”,由“欧洲奇迹”而“白银资本”,近两年国内学界刮起的“大分流”热潮更是喧嚣尘上。见仁见智,不断在国际史学界掀起波澜。令人惊喜的是,国内学界亦有回应,并且愈发显得成熟。其中,侯建新教授的《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》及其对权利维度的强调,代表着这一领域的新动向,尤其值得关注。     

文艺复兴和宗教改革时期西欧史学的发展

文艺复兴和宗教改革运动有相同之处,也有不同之处。相同之处在于这两次运动都是资产阶级发动的反封建斗争,它们都以封建制度的精神支柱天主教会为口诛笔伐的主要目标。不同之处在于文艺复兴时期(开始于十四世纪),资产阶级的力量尚小,还不敢和天主教这个庞然大物展开全面拼博。当时的人文主义者只希望天主教会进行改革,使之不妨碍或少妨碍资本主义的发展。他们揭露天主教会的黑暗面,不是要打倒它,而是使它改进。不少人文主义者对天主教会冷嘲热讽,反而得到教会的信任,原因就在这里。宗教改革时期西欧的情况则大不相同,当时通过地理大发现,欧洲的殖民强盗,侵入亚、非、拉广大地区,疯狂屠杀殖民地人民,掠夺财物,亡人之国,灭人之种,用血和火的文字,写下了殖民掠夺的历史。但是这种罪恶活动,对欧洲资本主义经济的发展实起了巨大     

中世纪西欧城市与私人财产权利的发展

中世纪西欧城市人的私人财产权利在城市早期受封建领主的各种侵犯和制约。私人财产权利的发展主要包括两个互相联系的内容,一是财产的不可侵犯性的发展,即城市摆脱了外在的对财产的封建性侵扰,并建立了抵制这种侵扰的机制;二是不自由人对自身劳动力的所有权的获得以及对城市土地的权利向市民私人所有权的趋近。这一切,都以城市在政治上不同程度的独立为前提     

五四时期的妇女经济独立思潮

五四时期的思想解放运动,涉及到妇女解放的方方面面。其中,对女子经济独立问题,讨论得较为深刻。本文试图就这一思潮作一探讨。一妇女经济独立不仅仅是女子有一份工作,有经济收入,不依靠男子,而实质上是一个“人人有劳动权,人人有生存权”(《妇女评论创刊宣言》,《陈望道文集》     

明清时期江右商帮与贵州商业经济的发展

明清时期是贵州商业经济产生发展的重要阶段,也是江西江右商帮的兴盛时期,赣商进入贵州,对贵州商品经济的发展起到了一定的推动作用,同时也促进了自身的发展。而贵州在为外来商业文化提供活动平台的过程中,本身的商业经济也得到前所未有的发展。     

西欧都市旅游免费信息的观察与思考——以德国、奥地利和荷兰若干城市为例

作者借助公务考察之机,对所访问的若干欧洲城市在机场、车站、酒店、游客中心等场所提供的纸质免费信息进行了有意识的观察和搜集。本文详细分析了这些纸质免费信息的类型、内容和特点;针对我国快速发展的都市旅游业中如何满足游客对信息的新需求,提出了其启示和借鉴意义。     

国民革命时期长沙市商民协会会所被毁案

1926年12月长沙市商民协会正式成立后,促使湖南商民运动得到了迅速发展。但次年1月因苏广业店员联合会提出改良店员待遇要求,遭店主反对而导致劳资纠纷,商民协会参与仲裁时偏向店主一方,致使店员产生强烈不满而引发捣毁市商民协会会所案发生。在查处该案过程中,国民党湖南省党部虽竭力调解,但市商协对该案未得到迅速处置深为不满,以组织全体商家游行和罢市相威胁。省党部迫不得已,接受了市商协提出的改组店员联合会和惩处为首分子等一系列要求。其最终结果,不仅使总工会和苏广业店员联合会深感受到压抑,而且也并未使商民协会感到完全满意,似乎劳资双方都不无怨言。     

中世纪西欧的平等观念

中世纪西欧有非常丰富的平等观念。其最基本的内容可以归结为 :在上帝面前的平等、在基督徒身份面前的平等和在部落成员资格面前的平等。     

Indifferent but Mobilized: Rural Politics during the Interwar Period in Eastern and Western Europe

What did peasants discuss at party meetings? Were they mobilized by ethnic politics or indifferent to them altogether? The end of the First World War brought about universal male suffrage in much of Europe, and with it the process of mass politics began. The concept of national indifference is important in understanding interwar politics, because this period is often studied teleologically with attention focused on extremism and nationalism as the primary mobilizing issue

Agrarian movements have been under-researched, and when Agrarians have been studied, it has been through the prism of elite politics. This comparative paper seeks to redress this omission by looking at grassroots rural politics. The interwar countryside was marked by profound political, economic and social transformation but also in terms of what Robert Paxton has described as the ‘triple crisis of the countryside’ – worsening economic conditions, the declining status of the countryside and inadequate political representation. The paper will explore how reform and crisis impacted how agrarian politics functioned at a local level by asymmetrically comparing cases from Romania, Poland and Ireland, with the final case helping to contextualize Eastern Europe within the wider European experience This paper argues that the rural population was mobilized, but primarily in the context of local issues rather than national ethno-political questions. Local party organization was, to paraphrase James C Scott, the site ‘of an exchange of small arms fire’ in rural class conflict, as questions regarding the control of public space, generational conflict and power within the village mobilized peasants. Thus, I argue that it was the underlying socio-economic issues that mobilized the rural population, not nationalism. The dynamics of these conflicts were shaped by local economic, political and social power dynamics, and by using indifference as a concept, we can look more deeply at interwar politics from a grassroots perspective and develop a more nuanced understanding of local, national and European politics.     

西欧与中国社会转型比较初论

一、西欧与中国社会转型起始年代及内容 从传统农业世界转向现代工业世界,大概是人类社会迄今所经历的最重要的一次社会转型。这一大转变的起点始于何时,历史学家各有不同的说法,其中以15～16世纪作为大转变起点的说法较为普遍。眼下,以某次革命或重大政治事件作为标志的观点依然存在,     

The Dynamics of Regional Disparities in Central and Eastern Europe during Transition

This paper examines the evolution of territorial imbalances in per capita income in the Central and Eastern Europe regions between 1990 and 2001. In order to overcome the limitations of conventional convergence analysis, we have combined a non-parametric approach that allows us to study the dynamics of the entire cross-section distribution, with a series of theoretical results and measures taken from the literature on personal income distribution. The results obtained show an overall reduction in regional inequality over the study period. This process has been compatible with the simultaneous presence of between-country convergence and within-country divergence. Likewise, we have observed a reduction in the development gap between the sample regions and Western Europe. In any event, the polarization of the distribution under consideration has decreased, while the registered level of intra-distribution mobility is relatively low. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the important role played in explaining the distribution dynamics by factors such as the national component, spatial location, productive structure, agglomeration economies and the percentage of gross domestic product devoted to investment.     

西周春秋吴都迁徙考

西周至春秋时期 ,吴都共有四次迁徙。周康王时 ,虞侯被封在江苏邳县加口 ,称“俎侯” ,春秋时为“”地。从康王时到西周晚期 ,吴国一直以俎为其国都。春秋初期 ,吴取邗国而建都于邗 ,即今扬州一带。邗为吴都一直到吴王诸樊时代。第三次和第四次迁都在吴王诸樊之后。诸樊与阖闾之都为秦时“吴县” ,即今无锡市西南 45里的闾江乡一带。吴王阖闾时所筑并所迁之都在今苏州市 ,其地本名即“姑苏”、“苏”。至夫差亡国之时苏州一直为吴都。     

工业化时期德国西部城市的崛起及其影响

工业化时期是德国西部地区城市化发展的关键时期。这一时期该地区城市的发展速度明显加快,产业结构日益优化,城市体系逐渐完善,城市类型也朝着多样化的趋势发展。西部城市的强势崛起不仅得益于工业化的高速发展、大规模的铁路建设以及农业生产率的提高等因素,而且也加快了工业化进程,促进了经济重心的西移,进而带动了西北地区港口城市的快速成长。     

The Development of Geography in the Ukraine during the Soviet Period

A survey of geographic research in the Ukraine over the last 50 years reviews work in the various disciplines. In physical geography, research has focused on the problems of the steppe, including irrigation, droughts and erosion control. In economic geography, work has concentrated on resource development, agricultural regionalization and industrial geography. Research in geography is done mainly by universities, institutes of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and a number of government agencies.     

The mesolithic of Western Europe

Recent investigations of prefarming adaptations during the Mesolithic period in early Holocene Europe have led to significant revision of traditional views. A number of innovations and changes occur, particularly toward the end of the Mesolithic, that permit this time to be described as both dynamic and extraordinary. Permanent settlement and the use of domesticated animals, exchange, and, perhaps, cultivated plants and monumental tombs characterize a number of later Mesolithic adaptations. The transition to the Neolithic is now regarded as the result of in situ developments in most areas of Western Europe, as Mesolithic groups slowly adopted pottery, cultigens, and other characteristics of farming villagers. In this paper, questions regarding chronology, nomenclature, and the definition of terms are addressed initially. Changes in European environments at the close of the Pleistocene and during the early postglacial are considered in terms of major impacts on human adaptation. The central focus of this study is a survey of the Mesolithic in Ireland, Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. Recent research projects in these areas are discussed in terms of new approaches and results. An overview of developments in these countries is also presented, emphasizing the transitions from the Paleolithic and into the Neolithic. Concluding remarks address future directions in Mesolithic research.