额尔古纳河畔华俄后裔的村庄

内蒙古北端与俄罗斯接壤的地方,有一条河,名叫额尔古纳,是中俄两国的界河. 19世纪末期,这一地区成了"闯关东"的热点,采金业的兴起,中东铁路开工,吸引了大量内地劳工.民国初年,山东河北连遭水灾、旱灾,又涌来更多讨生活的农民.     

Hydraulic Resistance by the River Red Gum,Eucalyptus camaldulensis,in Ephemeral Desert Streams

Channel roughness in desert streams is generated by the colonisation of beds and banks by trees including the river red gum, Eucalyptus carnaldulensis. Often growing densely over the bed surface, these trees contribute channel roughness which is distributed through the flow; the effects are heightened by substantial barriers of flood-transported debris which lodge against trunks and branches, offering additional obstruction to water movement. Bed scour often occurs around such obstacles. Field mapping of channels in the Barrier Range, western NSW, where E. camaldulensis growth is common, has permitted the quantification of channel roughness. Results suggest that just under half of the total channel roughness may be contributed by in-channel vegetation, the remainder coming from boundary friction effects. Site-to-site variations in vegetation density are great and assessment of flood discharges and sediment fluxes in these streams without due incorporation of a roughness correction could result in substantial errors of overprediction.     

The Herbert River,Queensland, Tropical Australia: Community Perception and River Management

There is a widespread perception amongst the community of Ingham and surrounding areas that the Herbert River in tropical Queensland has aggraded since the time of European settlement. Yet this perception is not supported by such evidence as historical accounts of the river and river trade, changes at the Ingham gauging station since 1940 and comparison of channel cross-sections surveyed since 1968. No reason has been identified for this divergence, but experience elsewhere teaches us that ignoring local perception is likely to result in an incomplete understanding of environmental issues. Unless the challenge of reconciling popular perception and deductive interpretation of the evidence is met, the potential for conflict will remain. Community proposals for strategies will struggle for support from the ‘rationalists’ and the community will oppose ‘rational’ strategies if they are not seen to be addressing the ‘real’ problems.     

《水经》周水、存水考

由于《水经》、《汉书.地理志》、《水经注》对周水、存水、刚水记载简略,加之这一地区多岩溶地形,河流常常变成地下河,导致历代志书在今柳江、红水河流域指代三河不一。实际上三河各有所指,周水即今广西龙江一段;存水即今龙江,而非源于犍为郡县境;刚水或与周水为同一水,或为红水河下游,而非今柳江上源都柳江。     

Impacts of River Regulation on the Terminal Lakes and Mouth of the River Murray,South Australia

The River Murray is a highly regulated, low gradient stream. Prior to barrage construction near the Murray Mouth saline water was present sporadically far upstream. Barrage completion by 1940 has had geo-morphic and ecological impacts. Estuarine Lakes Albert and Alexandrina became permanent freshwater bodies with elevated water levels. Exposed lake margins have eroded by up to 10 m yr', whereas along sheltered shorelines, sedimentation has accompanied reed growth. Upstream weirs have inhibited coarse sediment from reaching the lakes. In the Goolwa Channel, sedimentation changed from bioclas-tic sands to muds, accumulating at up to 4.5 mm yr' over the past 50 years. Regulation has also transformed a migrating flood tidal delta at the Murray Mouth into a permanently vegetated island.     

A River Runs Through It: Morphological and Landowner Sensitivities Along the Upper Missouri River, Montana, USA

Landowners along the Missouri River in Montana believe that the operation of Fort Peck Dam has initiated bank erosion, thus threatening agricultural development within the region. Their concerns have been heightened by proposals to increase discharge in order to enhance fisheries and wildlife interests. Geomorphological evaluation indicates that bed degradation and bank erosion have declined since construction of the dam, and the channel is now approaching dynamic equilibrium; public sensitivity to the proposed change is greater than the morphological sensitivity of the river. Sustainable management of the Missouri is now based on strategies that place more emphasis on partnership with local citizens.     

明代黄淮运交汇区域的水系结构与水环境变化

明代大运河的启用,使黄淮运交汇区域成为治水的关键区域。官方为了维护运河的畅通,采取了使水系结构与水情产生变化的措施。明前期的河道基本上沿袭了元代河道多股并流、迭为主次的特点。随着运河、淮河与黄河的治理,特别是筑堤的兴起,黄河各水道有一个从面到线,再从一线到清口一点的集中过程。第一阶段是黄河北流断绝,第二阶段是徐邳河道与上游固定于一线。黄河固定集中于徐邳一线以后,嘉靖年间河多决于徐州的上游,嘉靖四十四年以后,河多决于下游。黄运合一区域的河道治理,从一个跨越南北的扇形面,发展到南部半个扇形面,再集中于一线,最后集中于清口。总体的治理过程,基本上为保运服务。从面到点,从大区域的治理到小区域甚至于一点的工程治理,这是明代黄淮运水利工程的水流控制特色。这种随水环境变迁而进行的治水工程调整,充分体现出古人大区域地利用水环境的智慧,具有鲜明的生态特色。     

Hydrogeomorphic Effects of River Training Works: the Case of the Allyn River,NSW

Since 1955 the NSW Department of Water Resources has undertaken extensive river training works on many NSW streams. In the Hunter Valley alone over $23 million have been spent and more than 850 km of channel have been treated Published work suggests that river training works are usually undertaken in response to a pre-existing problem of river instability but can also induce adverse hydrogeomorphic effects. One of the treated streams, the Allyn River, had been supposedly degraded by the constructed works. It was alleged that vegetation clearing, channel excavations, alignment straightening and bank protection works had decreased roughness thus increasing velocity and flood frequency. As a result, what were thought to be relatively moderate floods were eroding the banks and destroying the floodplain. A critical evaluation of the available hydraulic, hydrologic and geomorphic data revealed that the river training works were a response to, rather than a cause of river instability.     

A Visit to Gyigu by the Tongtian River

Tongtian River refers to the reach where the Tuto River, the origin of Yangtze River, joins the Tangqu, running southeast and passing the Batang outfall in Yushu, the Tibetan-inhabited area in Qinghai. It stretches 813 km, with a drainage area of 138,000 square km.     

江河之魂—记我国著名水电专家罗本北

2004年夏季的一天,北京协和医院的一个高干病房,一位身患重病的老人突然向查房的主治医生问道：“你知道吗？我的五脏六腑都是和水电相通的。”医生一时没反应过来。老人缓缓地接着说：“你看,我的肾脏就像水轮机,心脏好比发电机,血管就像输电线路,脑子相当于中央控制系统……”医生笑道：“有道理。有道理!”一年之后,     

江河之魂——记我国著名水电专家罗西北

2004年夏季的一天,北京协和医院的一个高干病房,一位身患重病的老人突然向查房的主治医生问道:"你知道吗?我的五脏六腑都是和水电相通的。"医生一时没反应过来。老人缓缓地接着说:"你看,我的肾脏就像水轮机,心脏好比发电机,血管就像输电线路,脑子相当于中央控制系统……"医生笑道:"有道理,     

History and Effects of Channelisation on the Latrobe River,Victoria

Channel changes on the lower Latrobe River since the late 1800s include a 25 per cent reduction in channel length due to artificial meander cutoffs, increases in mean channel width, increased channel instability and incision of up to 1.05 m. Hydraulic changes at the Rosedale gauge include increases in bankfull flow velocity and a 67 per cent increase in channel capacity, resulting in a threefold reduction of over-bank flow duration. The extensive channelisation works have reduced the frequency of minor flooding and the period offloodplain inundation, but these and other human impacts have severely degraded the stream environment.