'You are not a White Woman!'

During her trial for assault in Fiji in 1915, Stella Spencer was accused of improperly associating with and even making love to native Fijians, in such a way as to prejudice the order of the colony. The background to the trial was Spencer's work on behalf of the populist Fijian leader of the Viti Company, Apolosi Nawai. As well as using the trial in an attempt to vilify Nawai as a crook, the European colonists asserted a harsh racial division with regard to sexual conduct between the races. Sexual intercourse symbolised a diminution of white prestige. This article tells the story of Apolosi Nawai and Stella Spencer from contemporaneous reports, the Fijian National Archives and the Colonial Office Archives     

'It's a Man's Life!': Soldiers,masculinity and the countryside

This article explores the relationships between soldiers, masculinity and the countryside. It draws on a variety of published materials ranging from army recruitment literature to military autobiography. It is located primarily in conceptual frameworks suggested by feminist and rural studies literatures. Following a brief discussion of the historical contribution of the military to ideas of rurality, the relationships between soldiers, masculinity and the countryside are explored. First, the ways in which the army constructs a particular view of the countryside are discussed. This view accords the army rights of control over space, dictates a particular way of seeing rural space, and develops a quasi-environmentalist interpretation of the impact of army activity on the landscape. Second, it is suggested that this conceptualisation of the countryside contributes specifically to the construction of particular (hegemonic) notions of masculinity. The ideas of adventure and danger are particularly important in this respect. Third, the role of the body of the soldier in this process is examined. The construction of a specific gendered identity through a process of transformation from civilian to soldier is discussed. The article concludes by suggesting how the body of the soldier is used to signify particular senses of place.     

Consider the daughters,they are important to family farms and rural communities too: family-farm succession

Over the last 25 years, researchers have engaged extensively with members of farming families on issues of farm succession. Farmers, their spouses, sons of farmers and daughters-in-law who move into the farming family have been the focus of much of this research. Daughters of farmers (hereafter daughters), except in the unusual cases of being inheritors or successors to the farm enterprise, are for the most part ignored as subjects who may have something to contribute to sociological understanding and theory of farm succession and practice, and also of rural population decline. This article presents the results of a qualitative pilot research project undertaken in 2012 in the Western District of Victoria, Australia, to explore daughters’ perceptions of their families’ decisions about and management of intergenerational family-farm transfer. The results show that many daughters have a keen interest in farming, have developed farm skills and would consider the occupation of farming if given the opportunity. However, daughters are commonly overlooked when it comes to decisions about family-farm succession and/or inheritance; hence, indicating patriarchy remains strongly influential in determining family-farm succession. This article provides a different perspective from previous discussions of the dynamics within farming families and farming communities, and it contributes to wider discussion of changes in and sustainability of rural society. It recommends further research on rural social issues attributable to patrilineal intergenerational farm transfer.     

Power,Protest, Poaching,and the Tweed Fisheries Acts of 1857 and 1859: 'Send a Gunboat!'

Abstract

The Tweed Fisheries Acts of 1857 and 1859 were victories for upstream landowners over coastal and estuarine commercial fishermen. In the manner of the Game Laws, these class-based Acts placed the interests of leisured, sport-fishing anglers above those of the net-fishing communities at the mouth. The latter were severely disadvantaged, and the fishermen and their families often clashed with the River Tweed Commission's bailiffs and local police who tried to enforce the Acts' restrictive terms. In particular, the contraction of the autumn netting season to allow more fish into the upstream reaches had converted legal fishing into poaching and was met with open defiance. The inability of the Commissioners to prevent mass disobedience or provide enough bailiffs to enforce the law prompted a request to the Home Secretary for assistance, with a suggestion that the Admiralty supply a gunboat to protect the bailiffs and overcome the protests. HMS Ruby was despatched to Berwick in October 1861 for the close season, and a succession of gunboats followed over the next twenty years in an unprecedented deployment of naval force to support the civil authorities.     

Governing relations between people and things: Citizenship, territory, and the political economy of petroleum in Ecuador

Ecuador is the fifth largest producer of petroleum in Latin America. Petroleum has brought prosperity to many Ecuadorians, effectively becoming the nation's most important natural resource. It also has inspired intense political mobilizations. While the best known of these are led by Amazonian indigenous peoples, petroleum has also generated other important but not as well-recognized mobilizations. This paper focuses on the political mobilization of Amazonian agricultural settlers and petroleum workers in relation to petroleum. While these actors do not share common livelihood or cultural struggles, the discourses that frame their mobilizations in relation to petroleum have common elements. Their dissatisfaction with the political economy of petroleum in the 1990s and 2000s, for example, generated high profile protests and civil unrest that centered not on stopping production, but on demanding a more ‘responsible management’ of petroleum by the state. The paper brings together political economy, mechanisms of subject formation, and the material qualities of petroleum to explore how petroleum production in Ecuador has shaped common views on citizenship among these actors that center on petroleum as a site of regulation of social life.     

'[...] But it's Not Like I Know Anything About Them!': Immigrants in the Museum in Finland

Abstract

Museum education has undergone a profound transformation from the ideals of the Enlightenment through modernism to those of postmodernism. Museum visitors are no longer perceived as passive receivers of information provided by experts but as active learners who freely construct their own meanings, driven by their personal motivation. Museum education is no longer about educating the masses but facilitating learners in their individual learning processes. Learning outcomes are no longer to be measured by the amount of new information absorbed in an exhibition but by more abstract things: improved quality of life, increased awareness of one's own identity, and better self-esteem or increased ability to cope in society. The question is: how can museums provide their visitors with such learning possibilities? This article presents three projects that have been carried out at the Aboa Vetus & Ars Nova Museum in Turku, Finland, to test methods and models for increased personal experience and involvement, especially in facilitating interaction and understanding between cultures. As a result of this it is proposed that exhibitions and their related activities should be planned in such a way that they facilitate the self-on — the individual's projection and associations through involvement of emotions — thus facilitating connections between the exhibition and contemporary life.     

Too little,too much: Cultural feminist geographies

This paper traces some of the contours of recent critiques of cultural geography and reflects upon the implications they have for the continuing vitality of a feminist geography concerned with the cultural. The paper seeks to work away from this current disenchantment suggesting that in the field of feminist geography there are explicit intellectual and political imperatives that keep central the field of concerns associated with cultural geographical perspectives. Along the way we examine emergent scholarship on the governance of gender through culture concepts, the idea of gender as a form of foundational ordering grammar, the implications of non-representational claims for feminist scholarship, and the nature of performativity. We conclude by encouraging feminist cultural geography to chart the emergent geographies of relational natures and material cultures that reveal gender as both embodied and discursive, given and enacted.     

'Help! The Poles are coming': Narrating a contemporary moral panic

In the years and months prior to the May 2004 enlargement of the European Union, transitional periods of two to possibly seven years were imposed upon free movement of labour for immigrant workers from new (Eastern European) member states by a majority of ‘old’ member states. This article aims to scrutinize fear of mass migration from new member states by examining where (ir)rationality and political opportunism meet in the perception of this particular flow of labour migration as a cause for contemporary moral panic. To this purpose, the article starts with embedding the notion of fear of mass migration in literature on moral panics, risk society and the ‘othering’ of economic migrants as strangers and folk devils. By means of a case study narrative of the decision‐making process on the free movement issue in the Netherlands, it is subsequently demonstrated that ‘politics of fear’ are deeply rooted in the uncontrollability of mobilities of an unknown magnitude and an uncertain impact on, for instance, domestic labour markets. Beyond rationalizable concerns of job loss, however, labour migrants from new member states are also feared as threats to borders of morality and identity in Western European societies. The narrative's results are placed within a wider context of current boundary drawings with regard to migration in the enlarging European Union.     

'Figure it out!' Psychological Perspectives on Perception of Migration Period Animal Art

In this article we explore some perceptual-psychological and semiotic aspects of the Migration Period 'animal art'from the northern Germanic cultural area. Primarily, it is suggested that this art, which has been described as using symmetry and 'split representations', is laden with 'ambiguous figures' (including 'embedded figures' and 'reversible figures'). The ambiguous quality of the art is suggested to be presenton a perceptual level, but also on a compositional (structural) and iconographic level. Psychological (and neurological) processes involved in the perception of ambiguous figures and their effects are presented: Gestalt formation, unconscious processing, subliminal perception, motivated perception, and changed states of consciousness. It is suggested that this art instigated,or at least referred to such processes. In addit ion,on a semiot iclevel, t heart is suggested to contain information-condensation ('hyper-texts'), cryptic information, and to have had other semiotic functions.     

EXCHANGING BUSINESS CARDS IN JAPAN: Oh! So you are an …

This article uses the simple example of a Japanese business card as a threefold way to explore identity making, essentialist features, and what it is that anthropologists do. In Japan, the transmission of idealized forms of identity has been explained through numerous processes, such as national discourses or education. Yet, how stereotypical ways of being are reproduced and embedded in insignificant little things – like the worlds that collide on the two faces of a business card – is a subject that has received far less attention. Anthropology has much to gain by focusing on how everyday objects simplify, encapsulate or sanitize identities in ways that disregard the lived experiences of many.     

Alas! Dalai Lama,The III-Fated Prophet!

The14thDalaiLamaDaizinGyaco,overjoyedatreceivinghisNobelPrizeinNorway,cuppedhishandsinfrontwithmixedfeelingastowhomheshouldthank-BuddhaortheWest.Thathappenedinthelate1980s,atimefi11edwithsurprisingchangesintheworld:theonceformidablesuperpowepetheUSSRedisi…     

Invisible radiation reveals who we are as people: environmental complexity,gendered risk,and biopolitics after the Fukushima nuclear disaster

The March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, and the subsequent tsunami and release of nuclear contamination from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, is clearly one of the largest disasters of the past century and it has devastated large portions of eastern Japan. In this paper we explore the coping mechanisms of people navigating these landscapes of contamination, as well as examine state policies developed to deal with the disaster. We argue that there has been a significant discrepancy between state policies and the needs of people directly affected by the catastrophe. To more fully examine why this discrepancy exists – and how it is produced – we investigate the complex geographies of contamination and risk near the damaged Fukushima power plant through the conceptual lens of ‘wet ontologies’ coupled with an analysis of state strategies for the governance of the affected populations. In our research we found that Foucauldian theorizations on biopower, neoliberalism and environmental governance can help explain how nuclear power as a social institution can require states to sacrifice the well-being of hundreds of thousands of their citizens in ways that affect people in gendered and age-specific ways.     

东区，酷！

Joe Brown先生是Edaw设计公司的行政总裁,作为一家总部设在美国的景观设计与城市规划设计公司,Edaw曾经参与洛杉矶、亚特兰大、盐湖城以及北京等奥运会的场地设计工作,据他所称,伦敦将为2012年奥运会斥资182亿美元,大部分的奥运场馆将建设在伦敦东区（主要是指HACKNEY、NEWHAM以及TOMER HAMLETS这三个区）的下利河古（Lowerleavalley）。     

HELLO,WUHAN!

正Hello, Wuhan!In the news for days on end,Health workers across the land Hurry to you by the thousands,To share your pains And care for your wounds.Day and night they fight—The angels in white Fill your moat with blood running high;     

最美不过卢塞恩

<正> 从瑞士的铁力士雪山下来,导游说下一站就是瑞士湖边小城卢塞恩。这立即让我想起来,有人形容卢塞恩"如诗如画",有人形容她"浪漫风雅",有人形容她"纯美宁静",而法国著名作家大仲马     

Heritage and scale: settings,boundaries and relations

While recent years have seen increasing interest in the geographies of heritage, very few scholars have interrogated the difference that scale makes. Indeed, in a world in which the nation state appears to be on the wane, the process of articulating heritage on whatever scale – whether of individuals and communities, towns and cities, regions, nations, continents or globally – becomes ever more important. Partly reflecting this crisis of the national container, researchers have sought opportunities both through processes of ‘downscaling’, towards community, family and even personal forms of heritage, as well as ‘upscaling’, towards a universal understanding of heritage. While such work has had critical impact within prescribed scalar boundaries, we need to build a theoretical understanding of what an emergent relationship between heritage and scale does within the context of dynamic power relations. This paper examines how heritage is produced and practised, consumed and experienced, managed and deployed at a variety of scales, exploring how notions of scale, territory and boundedness have a profound effect on the heritage process. Drawing on the work of Doreen Massey and others, the paper considers how the heritage–scale relationship can be articulated as a process of openness, pluralism and relationality.