新中国成立初期推进统一进程中的金门

金门是连接祖国大陆与台湾的枢纽。新中国领导人推动中国统一的历程深受冷战两极格局的影响。朝鲜战争的爆发,令金门战役被迫推迟直至取消,在朝鲜半岛局势明朗后,台海问题凸显。这一方面是因为美台动作频频,带来负面压力;另一方面是由于毛泽东等新中国领导人心系祖国统一。台湾问题本为中国内政,但在美国的强权干涉下悬而未决。为了维护国家独立和领土主权的完整,新中国领导人总结金门岛事件失败的经验,通过炮击金门,采取军事与外交手段相结合的方式,为台海现状奠定了基础。相伴炮击金门的军事行动而发表的《中华人民共和国政府关于领海的声明》,为此后中国维护海洋权益提供了法律依据,具有更为深远的历史意义。     

1958年炮击金门与葛罗米柯秘密访华

炮击金门 1958年8月18日,毛泽东在北戴河主持召开中央政治局扩大会议期间,下了立即发起炮击金门的决心,以给国民党反动派一个惩罚性的打击.根据毛泽东的命令,中国人民解放军于8月23日开始炮击金门.大规模的炮击持续了两个多小时,发射炮弹近3万发.台湾国民党当局立即向美国求援.美国急忙把驻在太平洋地区的第七舰队大部分军舰派往台湾地区集中,把支援在黎巴嫩登陆的美军的一部分军舰,从地中海经苏伊士运河调到印度洋.台湾海峡出现一触即发的紧张局势.     

北戴河:毛泽东急召叶飞上将密谈

1958年夏天,中共中央政治局在北戴河举行了扩大会议。会议结束后,毛泽东留在北戴河的别墅里,亲自指挥了大规模炮击金门作战。这是一次世界战争史上的独特作战,使新中国继在朝鲜战争结束后,与美国在台湾海峡危机所作的政治、外交的较量中,获得了丰硕的成果。 8月20日黄昏。毛泽东站在北戴河岸边望着大海,精神因高度集中使他兴奋起来。古人在北戴河有“东临碣石,以观沧海”的句子,他此时是“东临碣石,以思金门”呵! 7月 17日,他下达了准备炮击金门和空军入闽的命令后,空军马上行动起来,决定由在朝鲜战场的现代化空战中经过考验的五个师第一批…     

金门炮战时国共空中大战追秘

1949年国民党当局败退台湾后,屡屡派遣飞机窜犯大陆,并令其驻金门的部队炮击福建沿海村镇,严重威胁东南沿海重要城镇的安全和社会主义建设.1958年7月中旬,台湾当局又趁美国军队入侵黎巴嫩,镇压中东人民革命之机,一面狂妄叫嚣“加速进行反攻大陆的准备”,一面频频出动飞机,对福建、粤东沿海地区实施航空侦察,并积极筹划攻击大陆的重要军事目标.金门国民党军更是有恃无恐,加紧对福建沿海进行袭扰.中东事变和台湾当局的趁火打劫,引起了毛泽东主席的极大关注,经过周密审慎的思考,一个重大的战略决策在他心中形成.于是,中国现代史上爆发了一场声势浩大的炮击金门战斗.毛泽东决定炮击金门,航空兵部队紧急入闽炮击金门,是从人民解放军航空兵部队紧急入闽开始的.1958年7月18日晚,毛泽东紧急召集中央军委副主席和海、空军领导人等,就惩罚蒋军和支援     

为两岸和平统一开路的周恩来

1949年,在解放战争的隆隆炮声中,蒋介石集团退据台湾。当时,由于人民解放军海上作战经验不足,第一次武装登陆金门岛的战斗遭到严重挫折,解放台湾的问题拖了下来。1950年6月,朝鲜战争爆发。与此同时,美国军事力量进驻台湾。这使原本属于中国内政的台湾问题国际化、复杂化了。在抗美援朝战争期间,我国不可能以更多力量来解决台湾问题。直到1953年朝鲜停战后,特别是     

毛泽东、周恩来领导朝鲜停战谈判的决策轨迹

作者根据自己的亲身经历回忆了毛泽东、周恩来领导朝鲜停战谈判的决策过程。从第一次会谈的停战三原则到毛泽东、周恩来提出解决各项议程的整体设想到后来的“一动不如一静” ,反映了在毛泽东和周恩来等老一辈无产阶级革命家领导下的中国人民同妄图称霸世界的美帝国主义之间进行的长期的军事和外交交织着的斗争过程     

苏联对1958年中国炮击金门的政策反应及其影响

1958年,中国炮击金门打响后,苏联在政治上给予了支持,又主动派外长到中国了解情况,并向美国发出强硬声明,还在苏联国内掀起声势浩大的声援行动。在中美对峙时刻,苏联试图派空军和导弹部队以及通过召开最高级国际会议解决台海问题,但遭到中国拒绝。当中国调整对台政策后,却没有得到苏联的回应,苏联采取了回避态度。苏联对1958年炮击金门事件的反应在中苏关系演变进程中留下了较深的影响。     

从"解放台湾"到"和平统一"方针的演进

毛泽东认为,在朝鲜停战后没有及时提出"解放台湾"的任务是不妥的1949年10月24日晚,解放军第十兵团第二十八军、二十九军中的3个加强团近万人,猛攻金门西北角古宁头阵地,顺利登陆,夺得古宁滩头阵地.在未巩固滩头阵地之前就分两路向蒋军纵深猛插,击溃防守金门的李良荣兵团.     

炮击金门背后的政治、外交斗争

1958年8月23日,福建前线万炮齐轰,国民党盘踞的金门岛倾刻间笼罩在火光烟尘之中。炮击金门,是中共中央在台湾问题上处理对外关系的一个重大决策,是维护祖国统一的斗争。斗争的结果既支援了中东人民的民族解放斗争,又对争取台湾当局发展两岸关系产生了深远的影响。炮击金门背景复杂意义大1949年,蒋介石逃离大陆后,占据了台湾地区：一是紧靠大陆的金门和马祖等沿海岛屿,一是远离大陆的台湾岛和澎湖列岛。1950年,朝鲜战争爆发,美国同时悍然以武力侵占台湾,使原属中国内政的台湾问题复杂化了。由于进行抗美援朝战争,党和国家不可能…     

1955年围绕台湾问题的一场国际斗争

1954年9月,中国人民解放军炮击金门,揭开了中国人民反对美国干涉中国内政的序幕。12月2日,美台《共同防御条约》在华盛顿签订,这一条约企图将美国对中国内政的干涉"合法化",中国政府对此予以坚决反对。1955年1月18日,中国人民解放军陆海空三军密切配合,干净利索地攻克了一江山岛。台湾局势骤然紧张起来,引起了国际社会的高度关注,各方围绕台湾问题展开了一场激烈的斗争。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.