乾隆御制《宋孝宗论》辨析

镌于沈阳故宫西路《溯阁记》碑碑阴之乾隆御制《宋孝宗论》的主旨在于。天子之孝当以不失祖业为重”,和《溯阁记》异曲同工,反映了乾隆帝。敬天法祖”思想和乾隆帝从封建伦理道德上阐述他的根本职责和理念,是清帝东巡乃至清统治思想和盛京皇宫在乾隆时再次兴盛的点睛之笔。该也曲折地反映了乾隆在思维和行为上注意“实行”的化取向．所以该无论从思想化或从物研究角度看都是耐人寻味、不应忽视的。     

清乾隆时期“玉厄”现象略述

众所周知,由于清乾隆皇帝十分喜爱玉器,乾隆时期玉器工艺水平非常高超,宫廷玉器造型规矩,琢磨精细,被誉为“乾隆工”,受其影响。民间制玉业也相当发达,尤其是苏州的专诸巷,可谓民间玉业的中心。因此,在鉴定传世玉器时,除了镌刻“乾隆年制”、“大清乾隆年制”等款识,对一些玉器、做工俱佳的玉器,一般也多定为清乾隆或清中期。     

御笔《林下戏题卷》与乾隆晚年的“林下人”心境

乾隆是中国历史上最后一位太上皇,退位后却“训政”如初。本文从乾隆御笔《林下戏题卷》入手,藉乾隆不同时期所作的6首《林下》诗,探索乾隆晚年在归政过程中内心世界不断变迁的发展轨迹。同时对乾隆书法及其装帧的特殊性做了初步归纳分析,揭示出其晚年书风的一般面貌。     

清代《乾隆南巡图》及其背后的金陵轶事

满清王朝经历康熙、雍正时代,至乾隆朝以后遂进入了中国历史上所谓的"康乾盛世"巅峰。清高宗爱新觉罗·弘历(1711—1799)登基后亦效仿皇祖(注:指康熙皇帝。以下"同"),曾于乾隆十六年(1751)、乾隆二十二年(1757)、乾隆二十六年(1761)、乾隆三十年(1765)、乾隆四十五年(1780)、乾隆四十九年(1784)六次巡幸江南,所行路径与清圣祖爱新觉罗·玄烨当年南巡时基本相似。     

社会现实、人际关系、政治文化与乾隆时代的腐败

乾隆时代经济上贫富差距悬殊,政治上专制强化,思想领域是儒家思想为主导;乾隆时代奢靡之风盛行,人际交往更趋世俗化,人们的行为方式和生活态度更加重财好利;乾隆时代的政治文化依然是传统政治文化,传统政治文化的要素和特征,在某种程度上不是发生了弱化,而是得到加强。在社会政治、经济、思想、时代风尚以及官场生态所杂糅的整体氛围基础之上,乾隆时代的腐败已经演化为一种文化行为和社会行为。     

乾隆嗣位问题

乾隆嗣位问题郭成康该问题的关键在于能否证实康熙确有帝位传承于乾隆的长远考虑。清代皇帝及达官贵人,乃至草野小民,迷信命运是一种普遍的社会现象。内阁大库档案中有乾隆生辰八字,并附批语,上有今岁壬寅（康熙六十一年）这样的话,这年春天乾隆以皇孙首次谒见康熙,...     

传闻、官书与信史:乾隆皇帝之谜

清乾隆朝文禁之严、文网之密为中国历代所仅见,其时真正有分量的野史如凤毛麟角,历史成了官书的一统天下。而官修史书对宫闱秘事或语焉不详,或刻意讳饰,言词闪烁之间,不免留下种种疑窦。乾隆以后,随着文化思想统制的松弛,有关乾隆皇帝身世、婚姻、家庭等隐私的传闻开始在世间流布,迨至清末民初,达于极盛。野史秘闻固然为小说家津津乐道,但严肃的史家多不屑一顾。时至今日,凡写乾隆个人生活,史学论著和文艺作品愈益壁垒分明,前者以官书为据,后者则笃信传闻、野史。随着现代传播媒介的出现,萦绕于乾隆身上的朵朵疑云有日益浓密之势。本文想谈谈有关乾隆诞生地、生母和嗣位的粗浅意见,请大家指正。     

试论清代乾隆朝中央政府赈济灾民政策的具体实施——以乾隆十一年江苏邳州、宿迁、桃源三州县水灾赈济为例

清代乾隆时期中央政府高度重视灾后赈济事宜,制定了较为完善的赈济政策。乾隆一再强调灾害救济要恪守"宁宽勿刻"、"宁滥无遗"的原则。赈济政策的落实是关键。在乾隆十一年江苏邳州、宿迁和桃源三州县的水灾赈济中,灾民们从中央赈济政策和"成例"的落实中得到了一定程度的及时救济,但赈济过程中也存在不少问题。由于一些地方官员没有能够"因时就事"确定赈灾事宜,或没有认真履行职责,使赈济政策在很大程度上没有落到实处。     

国宝档案

清乾隆粉彩百禄尊属牛头尊形。绘粉彩百鹿图。山坡上近一百头形态各异的梅花鹿或觅食、或戏嬉,充满静谧安详的田园气息。鹿与“禄”谐音,百鹿即“百禄”,取高官厚禄之意。     

乾隆题南湖烟雨楼诗碑赏析

嘉兴南湖在宋代以后便与杭州西湖、绍兴东湖并称浙江三大名湖。南湖湖心岛上烟雨楼旁,现有清代遗存的乾隆御碑两块,御碑四周镌刻着乾隆皇帝御笔题诗十四首,故乾隆御碑又称为乾隆诗碑。     

List of figures and acknowledgements

Louis IX's enquête of 1247 was designed to investigate the misdeeds of loyal royal officials, and the reports of the cases investigated by the enquêteurs reveal the impact of royal government at the village level. The complaints heard in the upland Ardennes voice the protests of a remote region as it found itself increasingly subject to royal control. The local agents of the crown, usually outsiders, were characterised by an arbitrariness of procedure and a disregard for local feeling and custom which suggests that, in this area, royal justice was seen as a violent intruder as much as a preserver of order.     

Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies and Germanic oral tradition

The object of this study is to examine the possibility that, although the Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies are in their extant from products of ecclesiastical scholarship, the keeping of royal genealogies in early England was not an innovation brought about by Christian literacy, but was rather a native, originally pre-Christian institution which the church adopted. The discussion is divided into two parts. The first argues that the genealogical lists derive at least in part from the sort of historical record which the Anglo-Saxons, in common with other early Germanic peoples, maintained in the form of orally transmitted narrative traditions. The second tries to show that these traditions were cultivated by a court poet known to the Anglo-Saxons as the scop. The conclusion is that the extant royal genealogies are ultimately dependent on orally transmitted royal dynastic histories the keeping of which was an established part of native, originally pre-Christian traditional culture in England.     

略论殷墟王陵制度的形成

无论是传世文献还是甲骨金文,均反映出晚商时期有一个嫡庶观念逐渐加强的过程,而这个过程与殷墟西北岗王陵区不断突出王墓的作法是一致的。两个方面均反映出晚商王权的逐步加强以及父死子继王位传承制度的逐渐巩固与最终确立。西北岗王陵西区是比较纯粹的王陵区,但东区埋葬的人员较为复杂,只能看作是一处高等级王室墓地。西北岗王陵区可能开启于殷墟文化一期偏早阶段,并可能一开始就大致划定兆域界限。武丁在位时期可能对王陵制度作过重大调整,即西区只葬殷王,其他成员只能葬在王陵东区、小屯宫殿宗庙区西南部墓地以及后岗西区墓地等处。殷王陵不奉行夫妻并穴合葬,王与后分处。但王陵东区有异姓陪葬的现象。殷王陵区有象征国家政权的一面,与殷墟其他普通族墓地有较大差异。     

The impact of royal government in the French Ardennes: the evidence of the 1247 enquête

Louis IX's enquête of 1247 was designed to investigate the misdeeds of loyal royal officials, and the reports of the cases investigated by the enquêteurs reveal the impact of royal government at the village level. The complaints heard in the upland Ardennes voice the protests of a remote region as it found itself increasingly subject to royal control. The local agents of the crown, usually outsiders, were characterised by an arbitrariness of procedure and a disregard for local feeling and custom which suggests that, in this area, royal justice was seen as a violent intruder as much as a preserver of order.     

英国议会请愿的起源

在13世纪中期,因为地方司法治理不力,英国臣民向王室施加了巨大的政治压力。与此同时,为了扩大管辖范围,罗马教廷和巴黎高等法院也向英国王室发起有力的主权挑战。英国国王爱德华一世被迫开展司法改革,以应对这些压力和挑战,进而加强其统治权威。其中的一项重要举措就是允许臣民向议会呈递请愿。在当时,议会请愿的主要内容是寻求司法公正和祈求王室恩惠。它的推行,一方面加强了王权,另一方面维护了民权,由此受到普遍的欢迎和支持。正是在爱德华一世统治时期,议会请愿获得了初步发展,成为议会制度的重要组成部分。这标志着英国议会请愿制的成形。最后要指出的是:议会请愿的起源,深受英国君臣之间实力对比的影响。     

Hosting the king: hospitality and the royal iter in tenth-century England

Traditional studies of royal itinerancy have depended on locating the king’s progress through his kingdom(s) as precisely as possible and it should therefore not surprise that the iter regis in pre-conquest England has received relatively little attention, since Anglo-Saxon diplomas only rarely record their date and place of issue, making the establishment of the royal itinerary all but impossible. However, more recent studies, particularly by German scholars, have moved away from the earlier attention to the concrete details of the royal iter and focus more on the effects of itinerancy as a method of rulership, viewing itinerancy as a central part of royal ritual. This study argues that if we investigate itinerancy in tenth-century England from this standpoint, we can throw new light onto the subject. Contemporary sources reveal that in England as in France and Germany the iter regis was of great importance, with symbolic acts of feasting and gift-giving accompanying royal visits. The attention given to these ritualised acts in contemporary sources suggests, moreover, that Anglo-Saxon kingship possessed an important ‘charismatic’ quality, which deserves further investigation.     

Monarchy and constructing identity in ‘British’ Gibraltar,c.1800 to the present

British Gibraltar began as a fortress, and royal coronations, jubilees and visits were initially celebrated in Gibraltar primarily by the British military and the colonial government. However, a substantial civilian population developed, to service the garrison and engage in trade. Sections of this civil community, not British-by-birth, increasingly demonstrated their loyalty to the crown on such royal occasions, in order to raise their status internally, protect their interests and increase their political influence inside Gibraltar. Spanish participation in royal events in Gibraltar, especially by members of the military and political elites from across the frontier, were also once commonplace and in Gibraltar uncontested. However, the relationship with Spain deteriorated, especially from the 1950s. Gibraltar's civil community then used expressions of loyalty to the British crown on royal occasions to assert its Britishness and to emphasise the duty of the British government to resist Spanish claims.     

乾隆时期宫廷瓷器修补

陶瓷修复史是中国陶瓷史和手工艺史重要内容之一。随着制瓷的发达和藏古瓷之风的盛行,陶瓷器修复在明清时期发展出适用各阶层需求的多样工艺。至乾隆时期,酷爱陶瓷的清高宗更是直接指示了宫廷陶瓷的修补、修复和修整。本文界定了乾隆时期清宫瓷器修缮的范围概念,试图分析以《活计档》为主的清宫档案,与传世实物相印证,还原当时陶瓷器修复的工艺方法、步骤过程,以及修复地点和工匠的情况。通过修补痕迹和工艺细节,修正和补充了对部分清宫藏高古瓷器的认识。乾隆皇帝对不同的陶瓷器选择了迥异的处理方式,体现其审美好恶、品鉴素养和性情意识。