THE IMPLICATIONS OF ROBERT BRANDOM'S INFERENTIALISM FOR INTELLECTUAL HISTORY

Quentin Skinner's appropriation of speech act theory for intellectual history has been extremely influential. Even as the model continues to be important for historians, however, philosophers now regard the original speech act theory paradigm as dated. Are there more recent initiatives that might reignite theoretical work in this area? This article argues that the inferentialism of Robert Brandom is one of the most interesting contemporary philosophical projects with historical implications. It shows how Brandom's work emerged out of the broad shift in the philosophy of language from semantics to pragmatics that also informed speech act theory. The article then goes on to unpack the rich implications of Brandom's inferentialism for the theory and practice of intellectual history. It contends that inferentialism clarifies, legitimizes, and informs intellectual historical practice, and it concludes with a consideration of the challenges faced by inferentialist intellectual history, together with an argument for the broader implications of Brandom's work.     

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE: IMPLICATIONS OF THE HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) assigns the Environmental Protection Agency responsibility for protecting the public from hazards created by industrial wastes. The Agency has understandably used its mandate to construct cradle to grave regulation of waste substances that pose health hazards. The regulations, however, are likely to hike costs of legal disposal by increasing the demand for disposal sites, while at the same time reducing the supply. The higher cost of disposal may give an advantage to larger, existing firms, may deter entry of new firms to both waste generating and disposal industries, and promote illicit disposal. RCRA therefore may have the paradoxical result of increasing public exposure to hazardous wastes.     

LOCAL PUBLIC EMPLOYEE UNIONIZATION: TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

In this article, some of the important structural changes occurring in local government today which are likely to have a direct impact on labor relations for municipal and county governments are reviewed. These include fiscal, managerial and socio-economic changes. The implication of these changes for such factors as multilateral bargaining, union growth, contracting out, inter-municipal labor cooperation, legitimacy for public employee unionization, popular support, and changes in the legal status of organized municipal employees are examined. Finally, the overall impact of these trends on work stoppages, disruption of city services, etc. is discussed.     

古村落旅游开发的视觉影响与管理--以西递-宏村为例

分析了古村落旅游资源的特点,在对皖南徽州古村落——西递、宏村的居民、游客的随机抽样问卷调查结果显示：古村落旅游资源存在的视觉污染严重。以调查结果为依据,分析了古村落视觉影响的现状,探寻其成因,并找出对策,提出视觉管理的原则及方法。     

ON THE CONTENT AND THE TASKS OF HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY (AS THE HISTORY OF NATURE MANAGEMENT)

A Pleistocene geologist calls for a totally new approach to the study of geography as the basic discipline concerned with the man-nature relationship, or what he terms nature management (Russian, prirodopol'zovaniye). He views the basic study object of an essentially unified geography as natural-technical territorial complexes (biotechnocenoses or geotechnocenoses), requiring investigation in three time dimensions—the past (historical geography), the present (dynamic geography) and the future (predictive geography). In keeping with the proposition that historical geography should be a separate, unified discipline, a distinctive historical-geographic periodization is proposed, differing from the periodizations in use in paleogeography, anthropology, archeology and history.     

EXPERIENCE AND HISTORY: THE REACH AND LIMITS OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO HISTORY

Experience and History: Phenomenological Perspectives on the Historical World presents the summa of David Carr's phenomenological approach to history. I acknowledge the value of this perspective, but I find it doubtful that a phenomenological account can replace the paradigms of memory and representation against which Carr pits it. The concept of historicity is, rather, complementary in that it alerts us to the prethematic presence of history. Phenomenologically, Carr's attempt to tie history closely to experience runs into problems as it is based on a questionable use of Husserl's notion of retention and risks blurring the distinct temporality of history. At the same time, the central concepts of Carr's approach, both experience and narrative, could be deployed in further ways. As literary scholars have come to emphasize, narrative triggers experiences in its readers. Thus, even if it is impossible to recreate the experiences of historical protagonists, narrative lends itself to giving readers a sense of the experiential dimension of the past. In this sense, narrative is not only a medium of representation, but also a means of presence.     

THE FUTURE WATER SUPPLY FOR MOSCOW AND MOSCOW OBLAST

The water requirements of the Moscow region, now estimated at 6 cubic kilometers a year, are expected to increase by a factor of 2.5 to 3 over the long term in connection with higher water use rates for households and municipal uses, industrial expansion and the proposed development of perennial pasture lands for livestock. Over the short term, Moscow's additional needs are to be met from two major sources: (a) additional transfer of water from the Ivan'kovo Reservoir on the Volga River north of Moscow; (b) development of a water-transfer system from the Ugra River (a left tributary of the Oka River), southwest of Moscow. Over the long term, the region's water resources may have to be replenished from Lake Ladoga or from the Volga River's Rybinsk Reservoir, which may by then also be receiving additional water from northern streams.     

METHODOLOGICAL AND SPATIO-TEMPORAL CONTEXTS FOR GEOMORPHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE: ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS

Scientific statements are valid only within the confines of the approach and scale of study adopted at the outset of the inquiry. Therefore, geomorphological knowledge is considered to be valid only within the methodological and/or spatio-temporal framework adopted for study. New approaches add to understanding by changing the context within which phenomena are viewed but cannot invalidate existing concepts: these can be invalidated only if they are logically or empirically unsupported within their own frame of reference. Research programs may become self-fulfilling because it is only within their own context that hypotheses, with which they might be falsified, are generated and tested: indeed, an approach might not be capable of generating any falsifying hypotheses but be able to produce only hypotheses that are amenable to that particular mode of investigation. Therefore, contributions should be judged only within their own, stated methodological base and alternative approaches should be actively considered. Tout énoncé scientifique n'est valable que dans le cadre de l'approche et de l'éhelle d'analyse adoptés au début de la recherche. les connaissances géomorphologiques ne sont donc considérés valides que dans les limites méthodologiques et ou à I'intérieur des coordonnées espace-temps choisies pour l'étude. De nouvelles approches aident A la compr6hension en modifiant le contexte à l'intbrieur duquel les phénomènes sont examinés, mais elles ne peuvent pas annuler les concepts existants; ces derniers ne peuvent être invalidés que s'ils ne sont pas supportés de façon logique ou empirique dans leurpropre cadre de reférénces. Des programmes de recherche peuvent se réaliser d'eux-mêmes, car c'est dans leur propre contexte que les hypothèses, avec lesquelles ils peuvent être falsifies, sont créées et essayées; de fait, il se peut qu'une approche ne génère aucune hypothèse falsifiante, mais puisse ne produire que des hypotheses conformes au mode particulier d'investigation. les contributions ne doivent donc être jugées qu'à l'intérieur de leur propre base méthodologique, et d'autres approches doivent être considéréss de façon active.     

HUME,HISTORY, AND THE USES OF SYMPATHY

This article focuses on the role of sympathy and antipathy in David Hume's History of England (1754–1762) in relation to the broader place of sympathy in Hume's moral philosophy. Hume, in his earlier philosophical work, argues that sympathy is a naturally occurring responsiveness to others’ feelings, similar to the resonance between musical strings. In his History, however, he carefully curates his readers’ emotional responses, inviting sympathy with figures of suffering—such as King Charles I and Mary Queen of Scots—while also, often almost simultaneously, stirring intense antipathy for those whose religious extremism he regards as socially dangerous and beyond comprehension. After first situating the emergence of Hume's theory of sympathy in its early eighteenth-century context, this article explores in detail the techniques of sentimental management that appear across the six volumes of the History of England. The elaborate deployment of emotions in Hume's historiography is shown to be in tension both with some aspects of his philosophy of natural human sympathy and with his brief reflections on the writing of history. Hume channeled his readers’ sympathies toward particular targets and against others. A careful analysis of this usefully sheds light on the management of sympathy in modern historiography, on which Hume has had an enduring influence.     

SHOPPING AND LEISURE: IMPLICATIONS OF WEST EDMONTON MALL FOR LEISURE AND FOR LEISURE RESEARCH

In the context of three alternative approaches to the meaning of leisure (activity, time, and experience), this article uses West Edmonton Mall (with its vast array of shops and unique complex of recreational facilities) as a starting point to explore four relationships between shopping and leisure. These are: independence (shopping as purchasing); shopping for leisure (the purchase of goods for use in subsequent leisure time); shopping and leisure (when shops and leisure facilities are juxtaposed in a single facility like West Edmonton Mall); and shopping as leisure (when shopping begins to take on the attributes of leisure as an experience). It is concluded that the last category offers the most interesting questions for future research.     

DEEP GENETICS: UNIVERSAL HISTORY AND THE SPECIES

The popularity of books such as Yuval Noah Harari's Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind suggests that universal history‐writing has a continuous not a broken past. Rather than “returning,” it is perhaps the most enduring genre of all. This review essay explores the deep‐history element of universal histories and the ongoing purchase of the stadial tradition for a new history of the species. Why are deep histories of the species so reliably appealing, and what do they mean in the twenty‐first century? Although the Anthropocene would seem to be the pertinent context for this ongoing historiography, this essay suggests that the new domain of genetic genealogy powerfully individualizes and commercializes deep history for neoliberal times.