On the Relationship between the Central Government and the Local Government of Tibet in the Late Qing Dynasty

After the Opium War in 1840, China was more and more semi-colonized. Around the turn of the 20th century, the national strength of the Qing Empire was quickly weakening. As a result, the Qing Court exercised a weaker rule over Tibet, and its political relationship with Tibet was consequently affected. On the problems of how to resist foreign invasions and how to handle Tibet's internal affairs, the Qing Court and     

The Consolidation of the Suzerain-vassal Relationship between Tibet and Bhutan

Pho-lha-nas quelled the civil strife in Bhutan in 1730,and in 1734,and both sides of the conflict respectively dispatched envoys to Beijing to ask the Qing Court to confer honorific titles,which resulted in the final establishment of the Suzerain-vassal relationship between Tibet and Bhutan in the Qing Dynasty.However,the establishment of the political subordination relations did not necessarily eliminate the estrangement caused by the confrontations between Tibet and Bhutan in the past over 100 years.     

西藏与布鲁克巴的宗藩关系巩固（英文）

正Pho-lha-nas quelled the civil strife in Bhutan in 1730,and in 1734,and both sides of the conflict respectively dispatched envoys to Beijing to ask the Qing Court to confer honorif ic titles,which resulted in the f inal establishment of the Suzerain-vassal relationship between Tibet and Bhutan in the Qing Dynasty.However,the establishment     

Emperor Qianlong＇s Policy for Rule Over Tibet

In 1751,when Qing troops had quelled the rebelion staged by Zholmet Namozhale ,the Qing court promulgated the 13-Article Ordinance for the Governing of Tibet,Which established the system of rule over Tibet by the Dalai Lama and Qing High Commissioners.     

Porcelain of The Ming and Qing Dynasties

June 28,2003, saw theopening of the Exhibition ofMing and Qing Dynasty Chi-naware in the Tibet Museum. A total of 103 pieces were on display, an overwhelming majority produced by the Jingdezhen Official Kiln of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368-1911) and the remainder by the Zhejiang Longquan Official Kiln.The Tibet Museum is the first modern museum of the Tibet Autonomous Region, with a rich collection of cultural relics, including some 2,000 pieces of porcelain produced     

New Books

Tibet during the Qing Dynasty and Bnlukpa The author,Dr.Thalho from the Ethnology and Anthropology Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,wrote this book based on his wide-ranging and extensive study of historic literature in Chinese,Tibetan,Manchu and English.He sought to systematically analyze the complicated and uneasy relationship between Tibet during the Qing Dynasty and Bulukpa(today’s Bhutan).He offers a profound analysis of how the tributary system     

A STUDY OF THE ORDINANCE FOR THE MORE EFFECTIVE GOVERNING OF TIBET

In 1791 or the 56th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Korgas invaded Tibet for the second time. They did killing and looted the Tashilhungpo Monastery in Xigaze. Qing General Fukang'an was sent to drive the invaders out of Tibet. InAugust the next year, the Qing troops went deep into areas where the Korgas made home, forcing them to surrender.Based on this experience, the Qing general submitted a report to the Qing court. In 1793, the Qing court released the Ordinance for the …     

TANG SHAOYI AND SINO-BRITISH NEGOTIATION ON TIBETAN ISSUE

In December 1903, the British, cashing in on the Japan-Russia scramble for northeast China, sent troops into Tibet. They captured Gyangze in April the next year, and Lhasa in August. The British forced Tibet to sign the Lhasa Convention, with the aim of cutting Tibet off from Chinese territory. High Commissioner You Tai, stationed in Tibet by the Qing court, was coerced by the British to sign the Convention.When the Qing court was informed, Emperor Guangxu appointed Tang ambassador …     

清乾隆朝第二次廓尔喀侵藏战争(1791－1792)史上的几个问题(英文)

<正>From 1791 to 1792 (the 56th to 57th year of the Qianlong Emperor's reign) during the Qing Dynasty, the Gurkhas invaded Tibet for the second time. The first invasion had been in 1788-1789. This time the Qing court sent troops to Tibet and repelled the invaders going     

Tibetans＇ Fight Against British Invasion

Late in the 19th century, the Qing Central Governmentwas in a state of permanent decline, and its control oversome southwestern and northwestern areas suffered accordingly,making possible British and Russian incursions. In order to expand its sphereof influence and occupy all of Tibet,Britain clandestinely sent nominal preachers, tourists and explorers to explore for minerals in Tibet. Later,they managed to encroach on some of the adjacent countries of Tibet including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, paving the way for invading Tibet.     

试论英国在廓尔喀两次入侵西藏中的角色问题(英文)

<正>In 1788, Gurkha invaded Tibet in the name of "silver-money trade conflict" for the first time. When Tibet local government responded in a flurry and the Ambans asked Qing court for help with urgency, Drungpa Hutoktu, the regent of Tsang, wrote to Lord Cornwallis to seek help in the name of Panchen Lama, keeping from the Ambans. Lord     

The Organs and Processes of Painting, Decorating and Mounting Thangkas for the Qing Court

The organisations in charge of painting and manufacturing Thangkas for the Qing Court were the Zhongzheng Hall and the Section for Manufacture and Purchase. Located to the west of the Forbidden City, Zhongzheng Hall was primarily used by the Emperor to worship Buddha and many religious services of the Inner Palace were also held there. At the end of each     

NEWS IN BRIEF

TWO JAILED FOR THEFT OF RELICSTwo Tibetans were jailed and fined for stealing tiles from the ruins of an ancient palace in the Ngari Prefecture.Gezong Toinzhub and Baiba Ngoizhub were convicted at the Ngari Intermediate People's Court of the Tibet Autonomous Region, but their alleged accomplice, Cequng, is still at large.     

The Qing Court's Troop Deployment in Tibet and Its Expenditure

1.Expenditure on troops stationedin Tibet(1) Source of military expenditureThe Qing court first stationed troops in Tibet inthe Yongzheng period (1723-1735).The purpose was toguarantee the safety of the Resident Minister of Tibet.According to Yue Zhongqi's memorial to the court inthe fifth year of the Yongzheng reign period (1727):“Ifno garrison troops were sent to Tibet,we had to main-tain armed forces in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces inconstant readiness for an emergency.At the same time     

清代对西藏的军事管理与支出

The Qing court first stationed troops in Tibet in the Yongzheng period (1723-1735). The purpose was to guarantee the safety of the Resident Minister of Tibet.According to Yue Zhongqi‘s memorial to the court in the fifth year of the Yongzheng reign period (1727): “If no garrison troops were sent to Tibet, we had to maintain armed forces in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces in constant readiness for an emergency At the same timewe have to send officials to Tibet to protect the Dalai Lama. The court is now discussing sending a military officer to follow the imperial envoy to Tibet,     

Historical Relics and Qing Rule Over Tibet

In October 1720, when the Qing troops had driven the Zungar forces out of Tibet, the Qing court started to reform the govemment system of the region that was geared to control by Tibetans of the upper ruling class.     

Brief History of Tibet's Curled-up Dragon Stamps,London Edition,wilh Affixed Revenue

In order to unify the nationwide postage,in 1909(the first year of Emperor Xuantong's reign) the QingDynasty sent Deng Weibing,a postal patrol official,to Tibet from Beijing to make preparations for thelaunch of Tibetan postage.In 1910(the second year ofEmperor Xuantong's reign),the Qing Dynasty set upa postal head office in Lhasa,and post offices inGyantse,Pha-ri,Shigatse,Ya-dong and Chab-mdo.Inthe following year,the postal administrative bureauwas formally established with Deng Weibing as headof the bureau and in charge of eight branch bureausand one office.To meet the postal needs of Tibet,on     

THE QING COURT＇S POLICIES TOWARDS NATIONALITIES, RELIGIONS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF LAMA BANNERS

I.The Development of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia and the Qing Court＇s Policies towards Nationalities and Religions
During the late Ming Dynasty （Altan Khan＇s reign in Northern Yuan）, the Gelug Sect, one sect of Tibetan Buddhism （the Yellow Hat Sect）,2 prevailed in Mongolia once again, and soon after that, the local people embraced it. Until the first half of the I7th century, all the Mongols in the north, south and west of the Gobi Desert accepted the Gelug Sect, However,     

NEW BOOKS

A Study of the Political Landscape of Tibet During the Republic of China Considering the Tibetan political landscape in the early stages of the Qing Dynasty in conjunction with an analysis of the structure of the local Tibetan government(oligarchy,the two reincarnation systems:the Dalai system and Panchen system,both the secular and the clerical groups,the Dalai and his regent),Dr.Li Zhinong expounds his views on the relationship between local government and the central government.He comments that under ...     

New Books

正A Study of a Century of History in Tibet Pema Namgyel,Sun Yong and Drongbu Tsering Dorje are the chief editors of this series of books,consisting of three volumes.The books cover three historical phases:the later Qing Dynasty,the Republic of China,and the People's Republic of China.In their research,the authors focus on the three phases and then render readers a picture of the drastic changes of Tibetan society throughout one century,thus