The Human Role in Earth Surface Systems: Some Theoretical Considerations

Studies of human influences on the environment may treat human agency as an imposed, exogenous source of change or disturbance, or as an intrinsic part of earth surface systems. Consideration of human influences as exogenous or endogenous to earth surface systems can affect, or even predetermine, the outcome of analyses. This is demonstrated via qualitative stability analyses of generalized mass-and-energy-flux systems. When human impacts are considered as external disturbances such systems are stable, and will regain equilibrium after changes or perturbations. Conversely, when human impacts are included as a system component, with goals of either maximizing or minimizing throughput of mass and energy, the system is inherently unstable.     

金圣叹的文学批评与科举

金圣叹的文学批评和科举的关系,是金圣叹研究的一个重要方面。因为它关系到对金圣叹文学批评的深层理解,以及对金圣叹文学批评地位的客观评价的问题。 在金圣叹文学批评与科举的关系里,实质上与八股文的关系是问题的核心。在清代,把金圣叹的文学批评与八股文联系起来的议论还没有见到。至多是李渔在《闲情偶记》里指出圣叹无视《西厢记》的戏曲特点时,曾揶揄道：“圣叹所评,乃文人把玩之《西厢》,非优人搬弄之《西厢》也。文字之三味,圣叹已得之;优人搬弄之三味,圣叹犹有待下来。”①明确把八股文与圣叹的文学批评联系起来,并且…     

Some Recent Writings on Women and the Environment: Review Essay

New Space for Women , edited by Gerda Wekerle, Rebecca Peterson and David Morley. Westview Press, 1980.
Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society , Special Issue: "Women and the American City," Spring 1980, Volume 5, Number 3, Supplement.
Women in Housing: Access and Influence , by Marion Brion and Anthea Tinker. The Housing Centre Trust, 1980.
"A Woman's Place: A Feminist Approach to Housing in Britain," by Helen Austerberry and Sophie Watson. Feminist Review, Number 8, Summer 1981: 49–62.     

The Circulation,Distribution and Consumption of Marine Products in Byzantium: Some Considerations

Marine exploitation in Byzantium had developed to become an industry by the early 10th century, but the systematic study of the various pieces of information scattered through a range of sources has only just begun. Despite the piecemeal nature of the evidence, it has been possible to sketch out a picture of the organised and methodical exploitation of the empire’s marine resources through large and expensive investments, such as in epochai and vivaria, which facilitated an uninterrupted supply of marine products to the cities. It is the development of these features that merits the use of the term “industry”. Byzantium sustained elaborate methods for supplying food to its employees which was provided either during the exercise of their duties, as part of their reward, as a mark of their privileged status, or even based on legitimate legal claims. Large groups of people benefited from the work of those involved in primary production (fishermen, epochai/vivaria owners and lease holders), without necessarily having contributed to the initial investments or expenses. By clarifying these distribution methods, it is evident that the circulation and consumption of marine products in Byzantium was larger than previously thought, and middle and lower class citizens actually did participate and have a share in it. Marine product consumption was not simply restricted by the producer-buyer or offer-demand relationship, it involved social parameters that are not immediately and easily recognisable because of the fragmentary nature of the available information.     

The Locke Essay: Achievement and Promise

Abstract

Strauss's essay on Locke is devoted to Locke's early lectures on the law of nature, a text unpublished when he initially wrote on Locke in Natural Right and History. One purpose of his essay was to show that the Locke text did not contradict the position on the law of nature that Strauss had earlier attributed to him. Strauss also used the essay as an opportunity to further his own reflections on traditional natural law doctrine.     

《左传》新注小学补释刍议

杨伯峻先生《春秋左传注》,于《左传》注疏与古今中外诸家之研究,广参博采,详稽博辨,诚为迄今最佳之《左传》注本。惟千虑一失,在所难免,且计算机科技日进,古文字字形扫描入注,已易如反掌,本文谨提议透过展现文字初形、阐释引申义及阐明通假关系,提升《左传》注释之素质,加深读者对《左传》之理解。     

Photo Essay: The Rio Grande Borderland

The Rio Grande border of the United States and Mexico is over 1,000 miles long. This presentation of that border is by means of a photo essay interpreting the physical, economic, political, and cultural complex that has evolved. These photos were all taken in 1990 on a reconnaissance that followed both sides of the border for the entire distance from Ciudad Juarez and El Paso on the west to the Gulf of Mexico on the east. Numerous crossings of the border were made at official and non-official points. Informal field interviews were conducted on both sides of the border with government officials, agricultural workers, tourists, farmers, industrial managers, factory laborers, retirees, undocumented migrants, beachcombers, shoe-shiners in the plaza, sportsmen, clergymen, children, and loafers. The photos with an accompanying text are presented in an order that is conducive to a comprehension of the salient aspects of the physical and human geography and the complex social issues found in the borderland. The final photos and text are on the maquiladoras and the international interplay of history, markets, labor, and technology resulting in striking structural change.     

关于青铜器定名的几点思考——从伯湄父簋的定名谈起

本文从分析一件定名有争议的青铜器--伯湄父簋入手,认为青铜器的定名是个十分复杂的问题,不能孤立地看待某一件器物,必须了解这一类器物发展、演变的全过程,以及它与其它器物(同出的陶器和其它铜器)的关联与区别,才能把握住它的性质,给它以正确定名.利用这些定名原则与方法,本文总结出包括伯湄父簋在内的豆形簋的基本特征以及它与豆的区别,认为伯湄父器是簋而不是豆,并据此分析了其它几件定名上有争议的青铜器.     

Gender,Citizenship and Subjectivity: Some Historical and Theoretical Considerations

Because the French Revolution failed to produce a widely acceptable definition of citizenship, the limits of manhood suffrage in the early nineteenth century were uncertain. Social practices, in particular scientific activity, served as claims to the status of citizen. By engaging in scientific pastimes, bourgeois Frenchmen asserted that they possessed the rationality and autonomy that liberal theorists associated both with manliness and with civic capacity. However, bourgeois science was never a stable signifier of masculinity or of competence. As professional science emerged, the bourgeois amateur increasingly became the feminised object of satire rather than the sober andmeritorious citizen‐scientist.     

Some Literary Cafes of the Late Nineteenth Century

A concern with the use and abuse of power, how it is exercised, by whom, and to what ends runs throughout the fiction of Catalan writer Jaume Cabré. His 1984 novel Fra Junoy o l'agonia dels sons, which was awarded the Premi Prudenci Bertrana, Crítica Serra d'Or, and Nacional de la Crítica, dramatizes the intransigence of ecclesiastical authorities in conflict with the desire for tolerance of a friar. Cabré employs different temporal and spatial planes, shifting points of view, and one of his favorite strategies, that of beginning his novels in medias res and showing the consequences of actions before narrating the actions themselves. A contrapuntal technique contrasts not just characters, but differing concepts of religion and religious life, and sets quotations from the Bible against passages from the governing documents of the convent where Fra Junoy serves as confessor. The clash between his doubts and the certitude of the convent's rigid abbess calls to mind the contest between Sister Aloysius and Father Flynn in John Patrick Shanley's Doubt: A Parable (2005).