湖北叶家山墓地出土青铜器的锈层结构研究

本文利用显微镜观察、扫描电镜能谱分析、拉曼光谱分析、X射线衍射分析等对湖北随州叶家山墓地出土青铜器样品的锈蚀类型和锈层结构进行了分析和研究。结果表明青铜器锈层结构包括两种类型:Ⅰ类锈蚀保留了器物的原始表面,一般包含表层沉积层、非金属层、过渡层及晶间锈蚀。非金属层厚约8～57微米,表面可观察到原金属组织"假晶",主要成分为锡石(SnO_2)及其他铜盐;过渡层α相优先锈蚀,(α+δ)共析体保留下来;Ⅱ类锈蚀呈瘤状,原始表面被严重破坏,可分为两层,表层呈浅绿色,内层呈红褐色或蓝绿相间的层状结构,主要由锡石、孔雀石、蓝铜矿、赤铜矿组成,内外层各组分比例有差异。本文还探讨了两种锈层结构的形成过程。     

新丰秦墓出土青铜器腐蚀状态初步研究

新丰秦墓是一处重要秦代墓葬群,出土了一大批青铜文物。本文通过光学显微镜（OM）、电子显微镜/能谱分析（SEM/EDAX）、X-射线衍射分析（XRD）和拉曼光谱（RM）等方法研究了新丰秦墓出土青铜器的残片的锈蚀特征,为了解北方地区青铜器腐蚀情况提供了参考。同时,研究发现：一些样品存在不同锈蚀层交替存在的现象,是因为Cu20层内出现了横向贯通裂纹,为基体元素迁移提供了通道;青铜器中的铅元素会在埋藏过程中发生明显的迁移现象。     

重庆忠县洞天堡墓地出土西汉青铜钫的腐蚀研究

为了解重庆洞天堡墓地出土青铜器的保存状况、腐蚀产物种类和埋藏环境特征等,并探索其锈蚀成因,为即将进行的保护修复工作提供科学的依据,利用三维视频显微镜、激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜等对重庆忠县洞天堡墓地出土青铜钫残片进行微观形貌观察和锈蚀物结构成分分析,并利用X射线荧光和微生物分析技术对青铜钫附着土壤进行成分和微生物分析。结果表明:该青铜钫锈蚀物含孔雀石、白铅矿、铅钒、磷氯铅矿、砷铅矿和赤铜矿等;外层锈蚀存在磷和氯元素富集现象;土壤中的磷、硫和氯等元素向青铜器迁移,青铜器中铜、锡和铅元素因腐蚀向土壤中流失;附着土富含多种真菌类微生物,促进了磷氯铅矿和砷铅矿的形成。     

澄城刘家洼遗址出土青铜器腐蚀成因研究

刘家洼遗址出土大量珍贵的青铜器对研究春秋早期芮国历史具有重要价值,但由于青铜器受到长期腐蚀影响,其蕴含的部分信息可能发生损失。为研究刘家洼青铜器的工艺、保存状况与稳定性,揭示关中东部黄土塬区出土青铜器的土壤腐蚀特征,并为文物保护修复提供参考依据,本工作对刘家洼青铜器腐蚀成因进行综合研究。本工作利用金相显微镜观察、扫描电镜-能谱、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱等分析手段对刘家洼遗址出土6件青铜器样品的锈蚀物相与锈层结构进行表征。结果表明,青铜器腐蚀产物以赤铜矿、孔雀石以及白铅矿为主。部分青铜器表面存在浅绿色粉状腐蚀产物,但并非含氯腐蚀产物。刘家洼青铜器锈层结构自金属基体向外依次为过渡层、原始表面内非金属层、原始界面、原始表面外原位沉积层及扩散沉积层。原始界面内非金属层Cu/Sn值低于基体,表明基体内的铜元素腐蚀后向外迁移以及锡元素腐蚀后形成锡石原位沉积。原始界面外Cu/Sn比值显著高于原始界面内非金属层,表明外迁的铜离子在埋藏环境作用下沉积。本工作通过对青铜器附着土壤样品pH值、氧化还原电位以及离子色谱分析,结果表明刘家洼青铜器埋藏环境为弱碱性氧化型环境,土壤中氯离子含量不高,这与出土青铜器的腐蚀...     

河南南阳夏饷铺墓地鄂国青铜器腐蚀状况分析

夏饷铺墓地出土青铜器对探讨西周时期古鄂国的历史具有非常重要的意义,然而其表面普遍存在各种类型的腐蚀,妥善保存是开展科学研究的前提。基于此,利用pH计、超景深三维视频显微镜、拉曼光谱(Raman)及金相显微镜等分析方法,对此批器物的腐蚀环境及产物进行了分析。研究结果表明:该墓群出土青铜器优先腐蚀富铜相,富锡相较为稳定,因而抗腐蚀能力强,整体保存情况较好。相对先进的冷加工退火处理技术,致密的锈蚀分层,中性、贫氯的埋藏环境,是其保存情况较好的主要原因。其锈蚀产物多为无害锈,但是性质较为活泼的PbO在锈蚀产物中占有一定比例,因而在进行保护时应使用机械方法除去青铜器表面附着的土锈及PbO,使其保存于干燥、缺氧的环境中,且应避免与氯化物、硫化物、氢氧化物等腐蚀性较强的物质接触。     

昆明羊甫头墓地出土青铜器的分析研究

为了对羊甫头出土青铜器的保存状况、锈蚀结构有全面的了解,同时对出土青铜器的原料配比、冶金技术、制作工艺进行研究。从不同的器物及残片上采集了32个青铜样品,应用扫描电镜、面探测器X射线衍射仪等方法对样品进行了合金成分分析及锈蚀产物检测。分析结果表明,羊甫头墓地青铜器物是用多种金属制作而成,器物主要是Cu-Sn合金,其次是红铜、Cu-Sn-Pb、Cu-Pb-Sb等合金;锈蚀产物主要以孔雀石、锡石、石英、赤铜矿等为主。     

叶家山墓地曾国铭文青铜器研究

叶家山墓地是一处重要的西周早期墓地,墓地出土了曾侯谏、曾侯等大量铭文青铜器,为确定墓地性质和布局提供了直接的依据。叶家山墓地曾侯铭文青铜器也表现出复杂性,同一曾侯所作之器出现在不同的墓葬中,同一墓葬也出土不同称谓的曾侯青铜器,同时,曾侯所作的成组青铜器与最终随葬的青铜器组合也有较大区别。本文根据叶家山墓地带曾侯铭文的青铜器,试图解析一些曾侯级墓葬的墓主,并讨论墓地的一些青铜器组合方式及其意义。     

青铜器锈蚀结构组成及形态的比较研究

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线电子能谱(EDS)和金相显微镜(OM)等方法,分析比较了染有“粉状锈”与未染“粉状锈”的典型青铜残片的锈蚀产物的矿物组成、腐蚀层分层结构及金相组织。结果发现,未染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品腐蚀层一般分为二层,外层是二价铜化合物,合金组织中未见α (α δ)组织,锈蚀产物中不含碱式氯化铜;而染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品都含有碱式氯化铜,其断面腐蚀层分三至四层,且每层锈体的结构和元素组成各不相同,在靠近合金基体层的锈层中发现了大量的CuCl存在。结果表明,青铜文物表面锈蚀覆盖层的致密性、空气中的湿度及锈层中CuCl层状分布的存在,是青铜器表面“粉状锈”形成和发展的根本原因。     

叶家山出土三足青铜器的地域特征分析

湖北随州叶家山遗址是一处西周早期的曾国墓地,出土了大批遗物,包括数量众多且铸造精美的青铜器。这批青铜器的总体特征与中原地区出土青铜器的风格相似,因此,多数学者认为,叶家山青铜器属典型西周文化性质,并无自身特征,不过,也有学者指出,那里仍有一些所谓的地域特征。本文对西周时期若干遗址出土的青铜器进行了实地观察和调研,并将其与叶家山出土青铜器进行比较研究。结果显示,叶家山出土三足青铜器中,桃圆形器口的器物为绝对主体。而其它地区西周遗址出土的青铜器中,仅山西翼城县大河口西周墓地与绛县横水西周墓地出土的青铜器中,有几件为桃圆形器口。基于此,叶家山出土的三足青铜器中,大多数器口为桃圆形,而这应属于地域特征。     

河南三门峡虢国墓出土西周——春秋时期费昂斯珠的分析研究

河南三门峡虢国墓是西周晚期至春秋初期的大型邦国墓地,其中M2009的六璜组玉佩上使用了费昂斯珠,作为人工制品的费昂斯珠,其材料组成和工艺特点显示了古代科技水平,利用科学分析揭示其科学价值很有意义。本研究运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDX)、激光拉曼光谱(Raman)分析了四件三门峡虢国墓M2009出土的费昂斯珠的微观结构和成分。研究发现,四件费昂斯珠采用直接施釉法,釉层使用了铜离子着色,可能使用了含氯和铜的矿物。费昂斯珠的内外表层还发现了羟基磷灰石和朱砂,来自于墓主遗骸和墓葬环境。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.