THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ESTABLISHMENT AGE DISTRIBUTION AND URBAN GROWTH*

ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship between urban growth and establishment‐level dynamics through geographic variations in the establishment age distribution. Using administrative microdata, I find that faster growing cities have higher rates of entry and exit, and younger establishments, on average. The resulting differences in the age distribution account for 38 percent of the variation in MSA employment growth, leaving the majority due to differences among establishments of the same age. In particular, entry and the growth and survival of young establishments (aged five years or less) account for the majority of the variation in MSA growth.     

URBAN RIOTS AND THE GROWTH OF STATE WELFARE EXPENDITURES

This article examines the relationship between urban riots and increases in state welfare spending in the 1960s. It finds little evidence of a direct relationship between rioting and state welfare spending increases from own funds; but it does provide evidence that state welfare spending increases from federal funds were related to the level of urban rioting. Possible explanations for this pattern of findings are discussed and directions for further research are suggested.     

城市社区型营业性场所的人本主义布局模式

随着我国市场经济的深入发展和社区理念的引入,当前社区各类场所的规划都越来越受到重视。本文以人本主义的方法论入手,结合城市社会生活空间结构原理,还深入到存在主义"引力区"构成、商娱空间行为场所认知构成、社区资源可接近性－可获性构成及社区阶层化构成,总结出城市社区型营业性场所的四种布局规律。     

A PROPERTY OF THE RANK-SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND ITS USE IN AN URBAN HIERARCHY CONTEXT

This paper proves the symmetry of the classical rank-size distribution with respect to any city according to a criterion of relative population difference. This property is used to characterize the distribution of city sizes around the median center of their hierarchical level by the existence of symmetry, of an upper bound to dispersion, and of a regular spacing. An interpretation is suggested.     

GROWTH AND TRENDS IN GÉOGRAPHY IN CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES

Summary. The development of academic géography in Canada was somewhat similar to that in the United States. At the turn of the century géography was probably stronger in the schools in most provinces than it was in most states, but in both countries it seemed to be mainly an uninspired collection of facts about particular places in the world. There was no leadership from Canadian universities to improve the quality of géography nor to change its content or philosophy. As in the United States, but on a smaller scale, géography was known in a few Canadian universities prior to World War I. Its real beginnings, however, were in the latter part of the 1930s.     

中国城市规模分布类型及其形成机制研究

本文应用位序-规模模型分析了全国及26个省域单元城市规模分布特征,并将其分为8种分布类型,提出了城市数量、经济规模、工业化水平是推动城市规模分布类型演进的最活跃因素。     

都市区与非都市区的城镇用地增长特征:以长三角地区为例

作为人口与经济活动高度集聚的地区,都市区地域的发展和空间结构特征引起了大量关注。本文以长三角两省一市地区221个区县单元为研究对象,在划分都市空间单元类型的基础上,考察都市区与非都市区以及各类型都市区之间城镇工矿用地增长的差异,并据此探讨在我国特殊经济社会环境下都市区地域的空间发展规律。研究发现,不同地域单元在中心-外围关系上存在差异,都市区进入了均衡扩散阶段而非都市区以中心城市极化为主,孤立都市区的扩散效应较弱,非都市区地域的县域单元受到临近都市区的影响而呈现出不同的城镇工矿用地扩展特征。都市连绵区内不同亚区域存在发展阶段与空间关系上的差异,加剧了都市连绵区空间结构的复杂性。来自中心城市、外资拉动、县域经济内生的多重力量推动都市地域呈现独特的空间规律。     

发达国家城市收缩现象及其对中国的启示

城市收缩是发达国家在工业化与城市化过程中普遍存在的现象,城市收缩对发达国家经济社会转型、城市空间结构转变产生了深刻影响,在对城市收缩有效治理过程中形成的精明收缩与弹性城市理论对快速发展的工业化国家具有积极的借鉴意义。本文对发达国家城市收缩的现象与事实进行了系统梳理与分析,分析了城市收缩的特征与空间模式,探讨了城市收缩的形成机制和城市收缩的应对措施,并对西方发达国家城市收缩现象对我国的启示形成了几点认识。     

经济学视野下的中国城市空间扩展

城市空间扩展是城市经济学和城市地理学研究领域的重要课题。改革开放之后,随着经济的快速发展和城市化进程的推进,中国城市的空间范围也迅速扩展。近年来关于中国城市空间对外扩展的研究成果日益增多,但现有的实证分析和理论模型,并没有揭示中国城市空间快速扩展的独特因素及其根本动力,特别是忽略了地方政府在其中发挥的关键性作用。本文以城市经济学相关理论模型为基础,结合中国体制背景,构建一个以地方政府为核心的城市经济模型,并运用该模型对中国城市空间扩展及其相关问题进行分析,认为地方政府在中国农地非农化及其土地开发中发挥决定性的作用,现实农业土地租金较低推动了城市空间的额外扩展,外部性收益使得地方政府零地价出让土地仍然有利可图,诸如铁路及其站点建设等外部条件冲击推动城市以蛙跳(飞地)方式对外扩展。     

发达国家工业化中期阶段经济增长与工业结构变化的特征

本文通过对几个发达国家的工业化过程和按收入水平分组的截面分析表明,工业化中期阶段具有增长加速、技术进步加速和重化工化使各发达国工业结构相似系数提高的特征。工业化中期经济增长的加速动力主要来自于积累的迅速提高和结构的快速转变两个方面。技术进步加速则表现为经济增长方式由外延粗放型向集约效益型的转变。和工业化初期的加速一样,工业化中期阶段的增长加速也是主要依赖于制造业的高速增长。但与之不同的是,工业化中期阶段的经济增长主要依赖于重化工业增长的带动,而不是轻工业的带动。此阶段还是工业内部结构变化剧烈的时期。     

PROBLEMS OF URBAN GROWTH IN GREATER MONTREAL

RÉSUMÉ
Montréal, comme toutes les autres agglomérations métropolitaines importantes d'Amérique du Nord, a subi une intense croissance suburbaine depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale. L'expansion montréalaise s'est faite de quatre façons différentes durant les quinze dernières années.
D'abord, de 1945 à 1951, on a pu noter un rapide développement circulaire d'allure concentrique. De 1951 à 1956, l'expansion eut lieu, loin du centre, le long des principales lignes de transports, produisant ainsi un arrangement radié et nodulaire. Durant la courte période qui suivit, de 1956 à 1958, la croissance se poursuivit de façon intercalaire. Depuis 1959, ce fut la dispersion désordonnée.
Des facteurs divers expliquent ces formes différentes de développement suburbain: les caractéristiques physiques et sociales particulières à la région de Montréal, le morcellement des territoires municipaux, la disponibilité inégale des services et la tendance de l'industrie è la décentralisation sont les principaux.
Plus récemment, particulièrement en 1957-8, deux vagues de spéculation massive sur les terrains exercent sans doute le maximum d'influence sur le mode présent de croissance de Montréal.     

昆明城镇体系空间分布类型及其原因分析

本文在用"D距离内邻点平均数法"定量分析昆明城镇体系空间分布类型的基础上,对造成昆明城镇分布地域差异的原因采用"灰色系统关联分析法"进行了分析,并针对分析结果提出了城镇发展的建议,为昆明市城镇体系规划提供科学依据。     

LAND AND URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CHINA*

ABSTRACT Land to accommodate urban development in China is provided through requisitions by government officials, suggesting that land availability may be a constraint on urban economic growth. An econometric model of urban GDP growth suggests that land has constrained economic growth in coastal areas but not elsewhere. Elasticities calculated from the estimated coefficients indicate that land availability has a larger proportional impact on economic growth than domestic and foreign investment, labor supply, and government spending. The estimated parameters provide evidence about arbitrage opportunities created by discrepancies between urban land value and compensation for requisitioned rural land, suggesting rural unrest associated with conversion of farmland to urban uses may have some economic roots.     

广州城市公共服务设施供给空间分异研究

转型期以来,政府治理制度的变革及公私部门关系的重构使我国城市公共服务设施供给主体、供给机制逐步多元化,其分布形态也由空间均衡趋向分异。本文以广州为案例,研究结果表明:广州城市公共服务设施分布总体上呈核心-边缘空间格局,区域供给规模差异大且与人口分布不相协调,区际及不同类型设施的空间聚集水平差异显著;传统计划经济条件下城市公共服务设施空间均衡分布模式被市场经济条件下高收入地区指向的集中布局模式所取代,表现出类似西方国家城市公共资源配置的"反比例服务法则"。     

AGING NATIONS AND THE FUTURE OF CITIES*

ABSTRACT We investigate whether an aging population may challenge the supremacy of large working cities. To this end, we develop an economic geography model with two types of individuals (workers and retirees) and two sectors (local services and manufacturing). Workers produce and consume; the elderly consume only. As a result, the mobility decision of workers is driven by both the wage gap and the cost‐of‐living gap, unlike the elderly who react to the differences in the cost of living only. We show that the return of pre‐industrial urban system dominated by rentier cities does not seem to be on the agenda. Quite the opposite, the future of large working cities is still bright, the reason being that today's urban costs act as a strong force that prevents a large share of local services and manufacturing firms from following the rentiers in the elderly cities, while the supply of differentiated b2c services impede their complete separation.