论亚当·斯密的帝国思想

亚当·斯密的帝国理论的核心是其殖民地自由贸易理论.他认为,殖民地是母国的负担,对母国没有益处,主张放弃对殖民地的贸易垄断;改革英国对殖民地的统治政策,让殖民地按其人口比例选派代表参加帝国议会.     

英国保守党政府的“有形帝国”政策（1874—1880）

1874—1880年英国保守党政府执政期间,为提高英国国际地位,提出了建立“有形帝国”的政策。这一政策的理论基础是迪尔克的种族帝国思想,现实动因则是随着欧洲民族国家的建立,大英帝国的霸权面临严峻的挑战。从实践方面看,重建“有形帝国”政策主要表现在保卫并扩大帝国的版图,其根本目的在于增强英国与欧洲大陆各国竞争的实力,力挽大英帝国霸权的颓势。     

Prophetic Activism in an Age of Empire

Abstract

The paper explores the emergence of prophetic activism as a counter-narrative to the dominance of conservative Christianity in national politics. It is based on the premise that the use of religion in American politics remains highly contested. While portions of American Christianity support an imperial project, alternative visions of a more humane future are simultaneously gaining strength. These new forms of prophetic activism are emerging in two distinct yet overlapping social locations: the borderlands and among cosmopolitans. Given the marginality of the borderlands context, prophetic activism has become firmly grounded in liberative religious paradigms that empower people to identify the commonalities between contemporary forms of exploitation and those against which the ancient biblical prophets once raged. An embrace of these same liberative paradigms also enable cosmopolitans to enter into solidarity with the struggles of others for justice.     

Church and Empire: Free-Church Ecclesiology in a Global Era

Abstract

Jesus was cruelly executed as the alleged "king of the Jews" because of his efforts for grassroots religious renewal and resistance to Roman rule in Palestine through local religious-political elites. By the fourth century CE, however, Christianity had become the official religion of the Roman imperium. An ambiguous account of both resisting and supporting imperialism has shaped all church history. Today the United States of America is widely recognized as the central power in a new global empire.     

Introduction: Biographies Between Spheres of Empire

ABSTRACT

Biographical research offers a promising approach to the study of empire, imperialism and colonialism. The careers and life stories of individuals and generations show particularly clearly the disruptions and constraints, but also the new possibilities and mobilities, that were created by colonial rule. This special issue focuses on practices and experiences of boundary crossing in imperial and colonial history. It explores how ‘ordinary’ individuals and groups navigated between the different imperial spaces and spheres into which they were categorised according to the ideologies and regulations of the well-ordered colonial world. Africa offers particularly interesting cases for studying these issues because, first, it was a field of particularly rigid colonial distinctions and, second, different colonial empires overlapped and competed there with particular intensity. This introduction outlines briefly the relevance of biographical research for new approaches in imperial, colonial and African history, and highlights the major themes of the five articles comprising this special issue. It is argued that these new biographical approaches tell us much not only about life in Africa on the eve of and under colonial rule, but also more generally about both the power and the permeability of imperial domination and of colonial categories.     

State,Parliament and Empire in the Mid 18th Century: Hudson's Bay and the Parliamentary Enquiry of 1749

In 1749, the house of commons appointed a committee of enquiry into the lands and trade of Hudson's Bay. This was the climax to nearly 20 years' work by the Ulsterman, Arthur Dobbs, which focused first on renewed search for a northwest passage and later widened to attempt to expand trade and settlement by challenging the monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Company. Dobbs's Irish patriotism, linked by support for union with Britain with his remarkably expansive vision of British empire, became concentrated on this campaign with a zeal and tenacity which overrode contrary evidence based on experience. Propaganda pamphlets, mobilisation of compatriots, merchant and political contacts, briefs for MPs, marshalling of evidence and witnesses for parliamentary committees, 30 petitions from a variety of places, organised by Liverpool and Bristol merchants who took the lead in the final campaign: all were used to attempt to influence parliament. This was an impressive mid-century effort to promote British commerce and manufactures, actively supported by the parliamentary opposition which was reviving under Leicester House leadership. Yet, while this campaign could shape the report of the committee of enquiry, the House itself was not so easily moved, especially when public expenditure was likely to be involved. A motion arising from the report was decisively defeated. The impressive campaign came to nought. While it indeed reveals powerful visions of commercial and imperial expansion in the mid 18th century, the outcome suggests that realism and scepticism prevailed at the heart of the state.     

一件土质铠甲武士俑的保护与修复

通过对汉阳陵土质铠甲武士俑的病害分析及借鉴以往的保护与修复经验,本文采用自行研制的具有优良性能的cB材料作为加固材料、具有优异性能的水性氟材料作为粘结材料,对支离破碎、面目全非的汉阳陵土质铠甲武士俑进行保护与修复,使该俑恢复了完整形象,为展示和陈列工作提供了可能。     

试论数据采集与虚拟修复在大足石刻修复中的应用

文物作为一种不可再生的宝贵资源,其本体上的保护修复工作均需慎之又慎,需遵循国际上规定的“最小干预”及“可逆性”基本原则.为此,虚拟修复成为对文物动手修复时的重要辅助手段.然而,多数文物具有复杂立体结构和色彩,传统的虚拟修复技术难以实现逼真效果.三维激光扫描是近年来飞跃发展的一项高新测绘与信息技术,具有无损、空间精度高、速度快等突出优势,在文物数字留存及相关保护应用中发挥了重要作用.三维激光扫描技术与高清摄影技术相结合,为文物的虚拟修复带来新的契机.本文结合文物虚拟修复基本需求分析,提出了基于三维激光扫描技术的文物虚拟修复关键技术与工作流程,并以国家一号石质文物保护工程——大足石刻宝顶山千手观音造像的保护修复为例,进行了应用实践,综合历史资料和现有数据的分析,实现了三维形态及色彩的虚拟修复.结果表明,基于三维扫描的虚拟修复能够提供更为逼真的三维虚拟修复模型,供修复专家研究参考.     

千手观音造像石质本体修复研究

石质本体修复是大足石刻千手观音造像抢救性保护工程的重要环节,本文针对千手观音造像保存现状,从石质本体基本特性和环境因素等方面分析劣化机理,依据工程地质勘察等研究成果,在实验室试验、现场试验的基础上,选择典型病害区域开展石质本体局部修复试验及技术路线研究,确定了醋酸纤维素材料ZB-WB-S为石质本体修复材料,探索出了合适的修复工艺.在总体保护修复方案获得审批后,分区域开展石质本体加固、补形等修复工作,并在修复工作开展中不断改进和完善施工工艺,通过对修复效果检测及跟踪监测,基本达到了预期修复效果与目标,恢复了千手观音造像的稳定性和完整性,最大限度保留了千手观音雕刻形态的历史信息,为下一步造像表面髹漆贴金和彩绘修复提供了良好的操作条件.     

细菌纤维素保护修复木质文物的若干问题

通过研究产纤维素的醋杆菌Acetobacter sp.PDA菌静置培养时的生长,然后将其与小块的饱水木材一起静置培养,测定木块处理前后的湿重及扫描电镜观察的结果,肯定了细菌纤维素对木质文物有较好的修复效果.同时初步探讨了细菌纤维素修复木质文物现阶段存在的若干问题以及研究方向.     

复辟时期的英国财政与税收史研究评述

复辟时期是英国财政与税收史上的一个重要转型时代.长期以来,西方学界对复辟时期的财政与税收进行了深入探究.总体性、贯通性研究和专题性研究都成果斐然.研究主要集中在复辟王权财政状况、财政收入的税收和非税收构成、财政管理、复辟时期财政税收的性质和地位等方面.此外,还有一些学者从不同维度对复辟时期的财政税收展开研究,亦取得了不少研究成果.     

彩绘文物调查及修复技术和理念探讨

将彩绘作为文物保护修复中的一项重要研究,已经在颜料分析、绘画技艺、源流传承等方面做了大量的工作。然而彩绘文物形式多样,通常以彩绘砖石质、彩绘泥塑、彩绘陶器、壁画、木质彩绘、彩绘漆器甚至彩绘金属器形式存在,每种不同基质表层的彩绘文物调查及修复时所要采取的技术手段和秉持的理念都会有所差别,但是又能够触类旁通、互相借鉴。笔者尝试从近年来亲历的彩绘石质、彩绘泥塑、壁画、建筑彩画文物保护、调查项目中所感受的困惑和获得的经验中,探讨不同材质彩绘文物的调查与修复,希望可以得到更多学科基于文物保护意义上的专业支持和积极融合。     

The Empire of the Hittites

Abstract

The paper deals with six recent studies which relate to the on-going debate over the chronology of the eleventh to the ninth century B.C.E. strata in the Levant and thus to the history of the region in the Iron Age. The paper takes issue with methodological problems relating to the questions of ethnographic comparison in archaeology, interpretation of biblical sources by archaeologists, pottery typology and dating. It offers a different interpretation of the finds at Hazor, Beth-shemesh, Tel Batash, Horbat Rosh Zait, and Bethsaida.     

汉代开国之君神话的建构与语境

《史记·高祖本纪》记载的开国之君神话,当然是超现实、超自然的,是在特定的社会政治文化语境中,按照当时的习俗、信仰,建构出来的。但这并不是说,所有的故事都是事后伪造的。故事中的某些元素,可能基于当时的客观事实。而秦末社会政治的风云变幻,群众寻觅真命天子的心理需求,形成了建构政治神话的丰富语境。刘邦有强烈的"预言自我实现"倾向。他以极强的自信心、敏锐的政治嗅觉、丰富的人生阅历和圆熟的人际沟通能力,对其徒众乃至更大范围的群众发出较强的心理暗示。在有意无意的心理激荡中,一连串神话被建构出来和传播开来,超现实、超自然的故事,获得了现实的、俗世的生存空间,在社会和政治活动中发挥了实际的作用,参与了历史的创造。     

清东陵裕陵彩画补绘修复设计思考

以往人们对建筑彩画更多的是关注其个体的保存状态,在我们承担清东陵裕陵维修工程中,发现对裕陵建筑彩画的价值评估仅仅以局部真实与完整的角度观照还很不够,尤其是通过对裕陵单体建筑彩画的现状勘察,裕陵建筑彩画属旋子彩画类型,其单体彩画配置存在等级差异,比较其他清代陵寝建筑彩画,清代陵寝建筑彩画的总体配置似有传承古制的观念影响.同时,陵寝建筑有明确年代,使陵寝彩画具有时代样本价值,再由裕陵建筑彩画纹饰差异、配置关系的发现,引发本文对裕陵建筑彩画价值评估和补绘意义的探讨.     

Lev Gumilev: The Ideologist of the Soviet Empire

Summary

Russian intellectuals like to appeal to examples of foreign history. Lev Gumilev's views on history are a good example. Gumilev was one of the most well-known representatives of Eurasianism, which was in turn one of the most interesting intellectual constructs in Russian historiography. Gumilev believed that Russia was born not from Kievan Rus—the view of the majority of Russian historians of his time—but from the empire of the Mongols. While Gumilev saw Europe as a hostile entity to Russia/Eurasia, this was not the case with the neo-Eurasianists of the Yeltsin era. This article examines Gumilev's Eurasianism and its influence on modern Russian national identity.     

The shaping of the American Empire

This paper creates a traditional, counterfactual, historical geography that proposes the rise of an American Empire in the 1800s instead of the British. The industrialization of the British world-economy of the early 1800s, victory in the Napoleonic Wars, and the consequent success of the British Empire fundamentally depended on cotton textiles, thus on American cotton agriculture. Cotton was, to the economies of the nineteenth century, very much like oil is to those of the late twentieth and early twenty-first enturies. The development of the American cotton South after 1800 was based heavily on the reproduction of slaves within the South. Had Jefferson ended slavery, as he at one time considered, I suggest that an alternative America would have arisen in which Jeffersonian idealism would have encouraged family farms as the principal units of agricultural production. I further argue that, absent the availability of cheap British manufactures, the Philadelphia School of Protectionists would also have likely triumphed early and an American industrial development based on internal growth fueled by cotton grown on family farms would have allowed America to come to dominate the world-economy of the late 1800s. Protectionist policies would have similarly excluded French manufactures and the industrial development based on cotton the French were also attempting in the late 1700s would have failed just as did that of Britain. French military victory in the Napoleonic Wars would not have produced a French world-economy. An America without serious global opposition would not have resisted annexing all of Mexico and Canada in the 1840s and expanding aggressively into Asia via the Pacific basin and Hawaii to create an American Empire.