Indigenous Peoples and Indigenous Movements in Latin America and the World

Marvin Harris. Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture. New York: Random House, 1974. 276 pp. References. $7.95 (cloth).     

War is its Own Justification: What Americans Think about War

Abstract

The authors deal with the morality of war in American culture. They argue that a war ethics that was characteristic of the Cold War has given way to a warrior ethics as it has developed in post-Vietnam America, in print media, popular sentiment, and film. According to this warrior ethics, the citizenry's support for soldiers, regardless of the justice of war, is understood to create social solidarity. Wars are easily justified because, at bottom, war is understood to be its own justification. It unites a country. This popular conception of war both props up more high-minded, political rationales for war and undermines traditional just war ethics. The article uses the war in Iraq as a case study. It analyzes the Bush administration's defense of the war alongside similar accounts of the just war theory given by Richard John Neuhaus, Michael Novak, and George Weigel.

"As a moral problem, war is ultimately a problem of policy, and therefore a problem of social morality." John Courtney Murray     

Ex-Serfs Are Masters of Their Own Fate Today

TheDemocraticReforminTibetin1959turnedserfs-speakinganimals-intomastersoftheirownfate.Makingup95percentofthepopulationinoldTibet,theysharethecommonfeeling:WithoutthesocialistsystemandwithouttheleadershipbytheCommunistPartyofChina,therewouldnotbetheirlivestoday.OntheeveoftheDemocraticReform,wevisitedsomeofthem.FromSerftoVice-ChairmanoftheCPPOGTibetCommitteePuncogistheVice-ChairmanoftheCPPCCTibetCommitteeandSecretaryoftheCPCXigazePrefecturalCommittee.He,however,usedtobeaserfgroa…     

Tibetan People:Masters of Their Own Fate

Now,itisknowntoallthatserfsandslavesinoldTibet,whomadeup95percentoftheTibetanpopulation,ownedlessthan10Der-centofthesocialwealth.Underthesituation,theserfsandsIavessangfEvenifthesnowymountainsturnintobutter,theybelongtotheserf-owners.Evenifriverwatersturnintomilk,wehavenoaccesstoitatall.TlBETANPoPULATloN.Beforel765,therewere2millionpeopleoftheTibetanethnicgroupwestoftheNujiangRiver.Inl95l,theyearTibetwaspeacetlillyliberated,how-ever,thenumberofTibetansdroppedtolmillion.Statisticssh…     

Zhang,Qiong.Making the New World Their Own: Chinese Encounters with Jesuit Science in the Age of Discovery

While Sino-Western cultural exchanges,in particular the contribution of Jesuit missionaries to the rise of a modern type of Chinese science and worldview,have fascinated historians of late-imperial China for years,Professor Qiong Zhang's ambitious and substantial book greatly contributes to a deeper and much more complex understanding.     

1840-1850年天主教爱尔兰移民及其在美国的政治参与

天主教爱尔兰移民是美国历史上第一支大规模的非新教移民团体。他们进入美国社会后,不仅引发了美国人宗教生活的长期震荡,而且对这个国家的政治生活产生了持续影响。通过建立自己的组织,他们发明了一套与主流群体打交道的方式,从而克服了从他们踏上这块土地第一天起就遇到的宗教、伦理方面的障碍。美国历史上最大的爱尔兰移民潮发生于19世纪40至50年代,其间爱尔兰天主教移民与美国早期新教移民的矛盾和冲突也最为突出,他们所遇到的问题以及解决这些问题的方式足以为我们了解美国移民史和美国文化特征提供借鉴。     

Liberal Policy Debates and Their Consequences for African Americans

Marilyn E. Lashley and Melanie Njeri Jackson (Eds.), African Americans and the New Policy Consensus: Retreat of the Liberal State.     

Experts in Their Own Lives: Emphasizing Client-Centeredness in a Homeless Program

This paper presents a case study of a homeless organization in Burlington, Vermont that is dedicated to the principles of client-centeredness. Originated by psychologist Carl Rogers as a therapeutic philosophy, this approach has been applied in numerous social service and organizational settings. For this Vermont agency, client-centered practice entails the promotion of client empowerment and the responsible use of staff authority. Client participation in homeless programming is identified as one tool that may facilitate both client autonomy and a balance of staff-client power. Clients, staff, and administrators of this agency were interviewed to help explain the philosophy and practice of client-centeredness, as well as pitfalls of the client-centered approach. Hypotheses and future questions for research are also suggested.     

A View of Their Own: Women's Committee Leadership Styles and State Legislatures

Analysis of survey data from 291 state legislative committee chairs suggests that professionalization has important gender implications not previously explored. Legislatures are gendered in the sense that culturally masculine and feminine committee management styles are more at home in some legislatures than in others. "Citizen" legislatures seem to be more hospitable to "feminine" behaviors of inclusion and a motivation focused on people-oriented concerns. Professionalized legislatures–promoted in large part on the basis of a masculine vocabulary of independence, rationality, expertise, and competition with the executive–discourage inclusive or collegial committee strategies and public-minded motives. Professional legislatures may be positive environments in which to nurture policy leadership, but their committee leaders eschew public participation.