朱熊荒政思想浅析

此文以明代《救荒活民补遗书》一书为基础,通过研究与分析朱熊的"重人伦、维礼教""君贤臣明"的荒政思想及救荒措施,对于当今社会救济事业有一定借鉴作用。     

《明代荒政文献研究》评介

在农史领域,救荒史的研究正越来越受重视。周致元所著《明代荒政文献研究》一书已于2007年9月由安徽大学出版社出版。该书以11部明代荒政文献为主要研究对象,融合经济史、社会史、思想史、政治制度史和学术史等多方面的内容,     

二十世纪以来荒政史研究综述

我国自古以农业立国 ,但因所处特殊的地理位置、面临复杂的气候条件和拥有广袤的疆域面积 ,使我国成为各种自然灾害频频光顾的国度。在我们的祖先与自然灾害进行不懈抗争的同时 ,传统意义上的荒政也应运而生。所谓荒政是中国古代救济饥荒的法令、制度与政策、措施的统称。但是从更广层面上讲 ,在前者的基础上还应该包括救济灾荒的实践活动、思想见解和具体办法等等。本文即是从广义层面对 2 0世纪以来荒政史的研究成果进行的总结和探讨 (仅就大陆地区 ) ,力争从中发现某些规律性的认识 ,以求对当今社会的减灾救荒活动有所借鉴。一、以往荒政…     

晚清社会灾荒救治功能的演变──以“丁戊奇荒”的两种赈济方式为例

在中国救荒史上,荒政一直占据主导地位。自古以来,我国的灾荒救治即是一种政府性行为,主要由政府组织实施。到晚清,政府的荒政功能减弱,社会的剧变引起社会结构的错动,新型商人开始活跃于近代历史舞台,由他们发起组织的义赈活动,逐渐发展成为晚清社会主要的灾荒救济形式,是历史进步的表现。由荒政到义赈,展示了近代灾荒救治功能发展演变的脉络。     

试论左宗棠的荒政思想及其边疆救荒实践

本探讨了清代名臣左宗棠的荒政思想及其边疆救灾活动,认为左宗棠重视灾前防治和灾后生产恢复,其救荒活动体现出注重救治结合、因地制宜和办赈得人等特点。左宗棠救荒思想的形成和发展,既与他早年的困苦经历和所受教育有关,更与当时社会的发展密切相关。     

朱元璋的救荒思想和荒政措施

明中期重臣马文升说：“太祖高皇帝所存者,仁民之心,所发者,恤民之政。凡遇水旱灾伤,百姓阙食,必蠲免税粮,复加赈济。虽丰收之年犹度仓廪有余,去处量为减免。是以民皆家给人足而无冻馁之忧。”这段话虽也含有溢美的成分,但对朱元璋救荒思想和措施的总结倒不失简洁明了。揆之史料,朱元璋以其元末灾荒中的亲身体验,对荒政有着自己独到的见解。且明王朝的荒政制度建设无疑发轫于朱元璋统治时期。既然如此,透视朱元璋的救荒思想和主张就好比启开明代荒政研究的大门。     

朱元璋荒政思想刍议

明洪武时期，朱元璋立足现实，坚持民本意识，恪守致用精神，针对频发的自然灾害，在灾前备荒、临灾救荒、灾后赈灾等方面，提出一系列内涵丰富、用意鲜明的荒政思想。这些思想因其在洪武时期大多转化为具体的荒政措施，并成为一代“祖训”，因而具有重要的思想价值和现实意义。     

论1876至1879年间西方新教传教士的对华赈济事业

十九世纪七十年代后半叶发生于华北五省的“丁戊奇荒”,是以“千古巨稷”这样骇人听闻的字眼载入中国史册的。以此为契机,具有近代文明特质的新型赈灾机制和救荒意识应运而生,在中国荒政史上写下了新的一页。但必须指出的是,这种新型的救灾活动,除了引人注目的江浙绅商的义赈外,还应包括活跃于灾区的另一支救灾力量,即以基督教新教传教士为主体的西方对华赈灾事业。具体地揭示其始末、动因与社会影响,对于更全面地考察近代中国荒政制度的变革历程、更确切地了解西方在华传教事业的历史真貌、乃至更细致地把握近代中国社会改革思潮的…     

两汉荒政特点探析

两汉时期是中国历史上的第一个自然灾害多发期。接踵而至的灾害,给有汉两朝政府和百姓带来了无尽的灾难,加之灾害“天谴”阴覆的警做作用,两汉统治为之而实施了一定的荒政措施。两汉荒政具有制度化和法律化、荒政实施程序化、荒政经学印迹突出,以及荒政措施掣肘于财政经济状况、吏治状况是荒政措施发生作用的保障等特点。     

两汉荒政措施的不足与局限

两汉是中国历史上灾害频发的时期,两汉政府也在救灾的实践中积累、总结了丰富的经验,实施了一系列荒政措施。这些措施在抵御灾害的过程中发挥了积极的作用,但是,两汉荒政措施仍然存在着不足与局陷。本文以历史文献为依据,对两汉荒政措施的不足与局限进行了分析与研究,旨在更全面地了解两汉荒政措施,并总结出其中深刻的历史教训。     

华洋义赈会的农村合作运动述论

华洋义赈会为防救农村灾害,为复兴农村,而倡办了农村合作社。这逐渐为其他注重农村的团体所仿效,从而形成了民国时期的农村合作运动。该运动中,华洋义赈会的成效最为突出,对当时社会产生了积极影响。     

Coping with famine in Communist China (1949–62)

Several studies of Mao's Great Famine based on archival material have appeared over the past few years. This article is less focused on the famine than on how existing responses to starvation were gradually eliminated in the years before the launch of the Great Leap Forward in 1958, as well as how covert acts of resistance offered some hope to villagers during Mao's Great Famine from 1958 to 1962. China, after all, was a country well attuned to famine, and coping mechanisms existed at all levels of society, starting from a variety of survival strategies adopted by the villagers themselves and reaching all the way to international interventions by organisations like the Famine Relief Commission. Few of these were left intact in the wake of the Communist conquest in 1949, as is seen in the first part of this article. On the other hand, villagers were quick to learn how to lie, charm, hide, steal, cheat, pilfer, forage, smuggle, trick, manipulate or otherwise outwit the state. During the Great Leap Forward, these covert means of resistance were often the population's only hope for survival in many parts of the country reeling under the impact of famine, as seen in part two.     

抗战时期贵州合作事业人物讲述

抗战时期,贵州政治地位凸显,大批重要、知名人士涌入贵州。本文介绍十位贵州合作人物,八人有留学背景。周诒春是原清华学校校长、清华大学奠基人;于树德是最早期的共产党人、中国合作事业先驱、合作泰斗;陈筑山原是北京法政大学校长,平教会重要人物;章元善是民国时期影响最大的慈善机构华洋义赈会创始人之一;董希文是著名画家,著名油画《开国大典》的作者。贵州八年合作事业稳定了大后方,支持了抗战,改善了民生,转变了观念。     

Activism, Restraint, and the Debate about Judicial Policymaking

Books reviewed in this articles:
Richard A. L. Gambitta, Marlynn L. May, and James C. Foster (eds.), Governing Through Courts
Stephen C. Halpern and Charles M. Lamb (eds.), Supreme Court Activism and Restraint
Gary L. McDowell, Equity and the Constitution; The Supreme Court, Equitable Relief, and Public Policy     

光绪丁戊年间阎敬铭、丁宝桢、曾国荃往来信函中的史料

发生在清光绪初年的＂丁戊奇荒＂,是中国近代史中最著名的大祲奇灾。本文通过当时稽查山西省赈务大臣阎敬铭以及山西巡抚曾国荃致丁宝桢的几封信函,为这段历史补充了难能可贵的第一手资料。     

The context of migration: the example of Ireland in the nineteenth century

"A classic case where out-migration interacted with many other geographical phenomena is provided by rural Ireland in the nineteenth century. The apparent turning point was the Great Famine of the 1840s, but the areas with the greatest suffering from starvation did not necessarily show the greatest population decline, suggesting that other forces were active. Considerable economic and social changes were already taking place before the Famine: fertility was being reduced, later marriage was becoming established and considerable emigration was already taking place. Immediately after the Famine those areas which had been hardest hit often reverted to pre-Famine conditions and did not show strong population decline until the 1870s. The Famine was a most serious event, but the modernization of Irish rural life, which linked emigration with changes in family structure, agriculture and population numbers, was more important in bringing about geographical change."     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: John Friedmann, Empowerment: The Polities of Alternative Development. Charles P. Oman and Ganeshan Wignaraja, The Postwar Evolution of Development Thinking. David Booth (ed.), Rethinking Social Development: Theory, research and practice. Hubert Schmitz and José Cassiolato (eds), Hi-Tech for Industrial Development: Lessons from the Brazilian Experience in Electronics and Automation. Henk Hobbelink, Biotechnology and the Future of World Agriculture: The Fourth Resource. Alan Grainger, Controlling Tropical Deforestation. David Reed (ed.), Structural Adjustment and the Environment. Holger Bernt Hansen and Michael Twaddle (eds), Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. John Osgood Field (ed.), The Challenge of Famine: Recent Experience, Lessons Learned. David Keen, The Benefits of Famine: A Political Economy of Famine and Relief in Southwestern Sudan, 1983–1989. Peter Utting, Economic Reform and Third World Socialism: A Political Economy of Food Policy in Post-Revolutionary Societies. Sylvia Chant (ed.), Gender and Migration in Developing Countries. Joseph Wronka, Human Rights and Social Policy In the 21st Century. Ismael Getubig Jr and Harry T. Oshima (eds), Towards Full Employment Strategy For Accelerated Economic Growth. Sunanda Sen, Colonies and the Empire: India 1890–1914. Nabendu Sen, India in the International Economy, 1858–1913: Some Aspects of Trade and Finance. Wouter van Ginneken (ed.), Government and its Employees, Case Studies of Developing Countries. John D. Kasarda and Allan M. Parnell (eds), Third World Cities: Problems, Policies, and Prospects. Jorge E. Hardoy, Diana Mitlin and David Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities.     

《中国古籍善本书目》收录河南省图书馆藏部分书目正补

河南省图书馆曾经参与了《中国古籍善本书目》的编纂,其馆藏古籍善本有相当一部分被收入了《中国古籍善本书目》。笔者在将《中国古籍善本书目》收录的河南省馆藏书的部分书目与书籍进行核对时,发现了《中国古籍善本书目》在著录和标示上存在着一定的失误并进行了正补。     

Decentring international and institutional famine relief in late nineteenth-century China: in search of the local

This article uses rural gazetteer biographies to examine village and household-level famine relief during the great North China Famine of 1876–9 to deepen our understanding of past relief methods and dynamics at the most local level. Despite the appearance of major works recently on famine in modern China, particularly on the Great Leap Forward, knowledge of Chinese famine relief remains thin and scattered considering the enormity of the subject. Nineteenth-century China saw intensifying international relief activity as well as the emergence of a vibrant charity-relief sector based in China's major cities, leading to the rise of prominent relief institutions in the twentieth century, such as the Chinese Red Cross. But the increasingly intense disasters of China's modern period also saw a surprising persistence of local humanitarian traditions still barely covered by historians.     

‘Eternity's commissioner’: Thomas Carlyle,the Great Irish Famine and the geopolitics of travel

In 1846 and again in 1849 the Scottish born historian and social critic, Thomas Carlyle, travelled Ireland accompanied by the Irish nationalist Charles Gavan Duffy. Significantly, these dates profile the beginning and the deadly culmination of the Great Irish Famine. It is somewhat surprising, therefore, that Carlyle's published memoirs of his travels and his various pamphlets on Ireland have merited little scholarly attention. As well as addressing this oversight this paper attempts to place Carlyle's travel writing within the ideological contours of the Great Famine and, to this end, I outline a specific example of what I call the ‘geopolitics of travel’. Principally this paper offers an empirical and theoretical analysis of how powerful political rationalities are produced at the ‘contact zone’ of two cultures. I consider Carlyle's shift from being a critic of laissez-faire to being a defender of property and argue that this parallels his propensity to qualify what amounts to human value through environmental and racial readings of the Famine. Finally, I briefly suggest that such calculations take us into the domain of ‘governmentality’ and capitalist political economy, perhaps the two most powerful forces directing the course of the Irish Famine.