Post-Byzantine hermeneiai zographikes in the eighteenth century and their dissemination in the Balkans during the nineteenth century

Abstract

This article focuses on the significance of the Orthodox painters' manuals, called hermeneiai zographikes, in the development of post-Byzantine iconography and painting technology and techniques in the Balkans during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Using a number of unpublished painters' manuals (Greek and Slavonic) as primary sources for the study of Christian and Ottoman culture in the Balkan peninsula, it is possible to examine perceptions of Europe in the Balkans, in particular the principal routes for the transmission of ideas of the European Enlightenment, as well as the role of artists as mediators in the processes of 'Europeanization'.     

Waging war in the fourteenth century

The papers in this special issue exemplify how, through the study of sources beyond the chronicles which have tended to dominate historical writing about fourteenth-century military history in western Europe, we can advance our knowledge on how war was waged by the English — and on some occasions by their enemies too.     

Diet and the diseases of the twentieth century

Trowell, Hugh, Denis Burkitt and Kenneth Heaton, eds. Dietary Fibre, Fibre‐Depleted Foods and Disease, London: Academic Press, 1985. xiv + 433 pp. including index. $64.50 cloth.

Bjoerntorp, Per, George V. Vahouny and David Kritchevsky, eds. Dietary Fiber and Obesity. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1985. ix + 115 pp. including chapter references and index. $22.00 cloth.     

亚洲仅仅是一个伟大的“东方幻觉”吗——迎接新世纪的中国旧石器考古(上)

20世纪初,在为寻找人类故乡而煞费心思的西方学者中,一些人开始把关注的目光从西方转向亚洲。他们设想：亚洲可能充当过人类进化的巨大舞台,是最古老的人类工业巨大的扩散中心,要想弄清诸如人类起源这样的复杂问题,离开亚洲几乎是不可想象的。他们们心自问：难道这是一个伟大的“东方幻觉”？因为,除了上一世纪末荷兰医生杜布瓦（E．Dubois）在“千岛之国”发现的爪哇直立人化石之外,那时人们对于早期人类在亚洲的活动遗迹还所知无几。然而,当他们想到亚洲毕竟拥有旧大陆的“半壁江山”,是连结新大陆和大洋洲的通道和地理上的“世…     

Neurological caricatures since the 15th century

During the Renaissance, different artists began to draw medical illustrations from various viewpoints. Leonardo da Vinci was among those who sought to portray the emotional as well as the physical qualities of man. Other European artists described caricatural aspects of medical activities. In Northern Europe, Albrecht Durer, Hieronymus Bosch, and Pieter Brueghel were also famous for drawing caricatures. Later English artists, notably William Hogarth, Thomas Rowlandson, James Gillray, and the Cruikshanks, satirized life in general and the medical profession in particular. In Spain, Francisco Goya's works became increasingly macabre and satirical following his own mysterious illness and, in France, Honore Daumier used satire and humor to expose medical quackery. Also physicians such as Charles Bell and Jean-Martin Charcot were talented caricaturists. Their own personal artistic styles reflected their approach and gave a different "image" of neurology. Caricatures were popular portraits of developments in science and medicine and were frequently used whenever scientific language was too difficult to disseminate, in particular in the field of neurology.