Maya archaeology and the political and cultural identity of contemporary Maya in Guatemala

La colonización dejó en una posición desigual a las personas de ascendencia Maya comparada con las personas ladinas en los aspectos sociales, políticos, y culturales en Guatemala. Esta experiencia no es diferente de la de otras naciones indígenas en América Latina. Los personas Maya, así como otras naciones indígenas, tienen una historia de resistencia que ha continuado desarrollándose a medida que cada generación crea nuevas estrategias para superar su posición de desventaja. La arqueología puede ser usada para escribir una historia que provee beneficios esenciales o atribuye estereotipos perjudiciales a las comunidades Maya. Los/as arqueólogos/as que trabajan en Guatemala tienen el compromiso de ser más éticos/as con las comunidades en las que trabajan, particularmente en el campo de la interpretación y creación de teorías sobre la historia maya. Los Maya han sido afectados por los estudios realizados en arqueología y tienen und derecho inherente de forjar su propia identidad a través de la historia.

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Résumé Comparée aux hispanophones, la colonisation a laissé les Mayas dans une position inégale dans les domaines économiques, sociaux, politiques et culturels au Guatemala. Cette expérience n'est pas différente de celle des autres autochtones en Amérique latine. Comme ces autres groupes, les Mayas ont une histoire de résistance qui a poursuivi son développement alors que chaque génération a créé de nouvelles stratégies pour surpasser sa position désavantageuse. L'archéologie peut être utilisée pour écrire l'histoire procurant des bénéfices essentiels ou des stéréotypes négatifs des communautés mayas. Les archéologues qui pratiquent au Guatemala sont appelés à être plus éthiques à l'égard des descendants des communautés avec qui ils travaillent, en particulier dans le domaine de l'interprétation et de la création de théories au sujet de l'histoire maya. Les Mayas sont affectés par les connaissances produites en archéologie et ont le droit inhérent de forger leur propre identité à travers leur histoire.

     

在神圣和凡俗之间--关于日本地藏菩萨信仰的文化思考

信仰往往与特定的仪式联系在一起,而“仪式,通常被界定为象征性的、表演性的、由文化传统所规定的一整套行为方式。它可以是神圣的也可以是凡俗的活动,这类活动经常被功能性地解释为在特定群体或文化中沟通(人与神之间,人与人之间)、过渡(社会类别的、地域的、生命周期的)、强化秩序及整合社会的方式。”     

Maya and their animals

Hamblin, Nancy L. Animal Use by the Cozumel Maya. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1984. vii + 206 pp. including references and index. $23.00 cloth.     

Bioarchaeology and the Skeletons of the Pre-Columbian Maya

This review explores the past two decades of research on ancient Maya skeletons. The focus is on how this work has contributed to our understanding of health, diet, social change, inequality, migration and mobility, war, violence, and ritual practice, with special attention given to recent methodological developments and debates in the bioarchaeology of the Maya. This review essay highlights the most recent findings in the bioarchaeology of the Maya and how those results were achieved. The essay concludes with suggestions for future research and highlights areas of potential collaboration that have been underutilized to address broader anthropological questions.     

Textiles and the Making of Sacred Space

This paper develops a perspective on fabric and its use in religious settings, working from a comparative survey of critical literature arising, primarily, from anthropological writings on cloth and clothing in conjunction with insights gained from ethnographic research among Eastern Orthodox Christians. While the character of Orthodox Christianity and the broad nature of comparative religion shape how the argument is presented, the primary focus of the paper is not on the religious contexts, but rather the particular items of fabric in use, and, more generally, the exact qualities of fabric that allow for its use in such diverse contexts. Rather than taking an argument of historical specificity, the paper is grounded in a material culture approach to fabric, suggesting that a cross-cultural appraisal of fabric that spans different historical periods allows critical insight into the modes of operation within human experience. The central argument of the paper is that, because of the material qualities inherent in fabric, it can be used in such a manner as to make present the sacred.     

The Geography of Population and the Geography of Services

In discussing a methodology for a geography of services, a new branch of Soviet geographic research, the authors propose geographically meaningful classifications of services, the use of value and labor-input indicators, the problem of a typology of service regions, and other aspects of research in this new discipline. The geography of services is found to be closely related to population geography because of the correlation between the distribution of services and the distribution of population.     

村落中的"神"与"像"——山东民间臆造神信仰的现存形态及其社会意义

引言村落,是民众春种秋收,生息繁衍的聚居空间。村落中的信仰、禁忌、崇拜是民众思想意识形态的真实体现。走进山东的村落,我们会深切地感受到历史积淀形成的古老信仰、禁忌、崇拜,隐性地存在于人们的思想观念中;又以对“神”的敬祀供奉形式,显性地呈现在人们的日常生活、婚丧嫁娶、生老病死、节日庆典等活动中。“神”作为人们想象幻化出的事物灵魂主宰,是没有具体形象的,而在对神的敬祀供奉活动中,人们又需要一个表示对某种事物神灵敬祀的具体可见的崇拜对象,于是人们将抽象的“神”赋予了具体的形象。这便产生了大量作为神的象征、神的化…     

从民间杂神到三皇五帝--论盘古庙重建过程中附祀神的转变

包括庙会在内的传统民间社会文化形式悄然复兴,是上世纪80年代以来中国社会文化领域一个引人注目的现象,此前已经有不少学者从不同的角度进行研究。然而,这种“传统的复兴”是否是民间传统的简单恢复?笔者在对豫南盘古山的盘古庙会的调查中注意到,80年代以来重建的盘古庙,其附祀神的设置与1949年以前的盘古庙相比有一定改变,其中尤为引人注目的是盘古大殿中附祀神的变化,     

汴京卜肆与摩尼教神像入闽

明代何乔远的《闽书》记载了北宋至道(公元995—997年)中,怀安士人李廷裕以五十千钱购摩尼佛像于开封卜肆一事。本文通过对该条史料的解读,并综合汴京卜肆及唐宋时期中国摩尼教的流传情况,认为李氏可能于开封相国寺卜肆中购得此摩尼佛像,它实为一画像而非塑像。该画像可能作为此后明教神像的原型,在东南摩尼教会中流传开来,由宋到元,在经历佛化、道化的同时,最终演变成了塑像。     

Space-Time, 'Science' and the Relationship between Physical Geography and Human Geography

This paper explores the possibility that there may be commonalities between physical geography and human geography in emerging ways of conceptualizing space, time and space-time. It argues that one of the things holding physical and human geography apart for so long has been their relationship to physics as an assumed model of 'science'. It is proposed here that not only is this an inadequate model of science but that it has led us astray in our inherited conceptualizations of both time and space. The urge to think 'historically' is now evident in both physical and human geography. The paper argues that this both forms the basis for a possible conversation and also obliges us to rethink our notions of space/space-time.     

论隋唐五代民间神灵崇拜的整合

隋唐五代时期是民间神灵发展的重要时期。与强大的经济文化发达相适应,民间信仰的领域内同样呈现出一片繁荣的景象。不同文化传统背景下的各路神灵各行其道,交相辉映;由社会环境变迁而新兴的神灵在民间信仰的领域里各逞其能;与此同时,在统一大帝国的文化语境中,不同的文化传统又相互交织,诸路神灵在潜移默化中整合出新的队伍。这新型神灵体系的建立对后世产生了深远的影响。