Text as Policy: Measuring Policy Similarity through Bill Text Reuse

The identification of substantively similar policy proposals in legislation is important to scholars of public policy and legislative politics. Manual approaches are prohibitively costly in constructing datasets that accurately represent policymaking across policy domains, jurisdictions, or time. We propose the use of an algorithm that identifies similar sequences of text (i.e., text reuse), applied to legislative text, to measure the similarity of the policy proposals advanced by two bills. We study bills from U.S. state legislatures. We present three ground truth tests, applied to a corpus of 500,000 bills. First, we show that bills introduced by ideologically similar sponsors exhibit a high degree of text reuse, that bills classified by the National Conference of State Legislatures as covering the same policies exhibit a high degree of text reuse, and that rates of text reuse between states correlate with policy diffusion network ties between states. In an empirical application of our similarity measure, we find that Republican state legislators introduce legislation that is more similar to legislation introduced by Republicans in other states, than is legislation introduced by Democratic state legislators to legislation introduced by Democrats in other states.      

略论洪州窑青瓷的动物造型

洪州窑青瓷是我国古代长江以南六大青瓷窑系之一,成熟于东汉,终于唐末,前后历经800余年。洪州窑青瓷品类繁多,造型各异,艺术性极高,在我国青瓷制造史上具有重要地位。尤其是洪州窑青瓷反映当时社会生活和人文图腾为对象的各种动物形象塑造,极具艺术魅力,     

Assessing Activity Pattern Similarity with Multidimensional Sequence Alignment Based on a Multiobjective Optimization Evolutionary Algorithm

Due to the complexity and multidimensional characteristics of human activities, assessing the similarity of human activity patterns and classifying individuals with similar patterns remains highly challenging. This article presents a new and unique methodology for evaluating the similarity among individual activity patterns. It conceptualizes multidimensional sequence alignment as a multiobjective optimization problem and solves this problem with an evolutionary algorithm (EA). The study utilizes sequence alignment to code multiple facets of human activities into multidimensional sequences and to treat similarity assessment as a multiobjective optimization problem that aims to minimize the alignment cost for all dimensions simultaneously. A multiobjective optimization evolutionary algorithm is used to generate a diverse set of optimal or near‐optimal alignment solutions. Evolutionary operators are specifically designed for this problem, and a local search method is also incorporated to improve the search ability of the algorithm. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by comparing it with a popular existing method called ClustalG using a set of 50 sequences. The results indicate that our method outperforms the existing method for most of our selected cases. The multiobjective EA presented in this article provides an effective approach for assessing activity pattern similarity and a foundation for identifying distinctive groups of individuals with similar activity patterns. Debido a la complejidad y el carácter multidimensional de las actividades humanas, la evaluación de la similitud de los patrones de la actividad humana y la clasificación de individuos con patrones similares sigue siendo una tarea muy difícil. Este artículo presenta una metodología novedosa y única para evaluar la similitud entre los patrones de actividad individual. Se conceptualiza el método de alineación de secuencias multidimensionales (Multidimensional Sequence Alignment‐MDSA) como un problema de optimización multiobjetivo y se resuelve mediante un algoritmo evolutivo (evolutionary algorithm‐EA). El estudio utiliza la alineación de secuencias para codificar múltiples facetas de las actividades humanas en secuencias multidimensionales y para tratar la evaluación de similitud como un problema de optimización multiobjetivo que tiene como objetivo reducir al mínimo el coste de alineación para todas las dimensiones simultáneamente . Los autores utilizan algoritmo evolutivo de optimización multiobjetivo (multiobjective optimization evolutionary algorithm‐MOEA) para generar un conjunto diverso de soluciones de alineación óptimas o casi óptimas. Los operadores evolutivos del algoritmo están diseñados específicamente para este problema, al cual se le incorpora un método de búsqueda local para mejorar su desempeño. Los autores demuestran la eficacia del método propuesto mediante su comparación al método existente ClustalG haciendo uso de un conjunto de 50 secuencias. Los resultados indican que el método propuesto supera a los métodos existentes para la mayoría de casos seleccionados. La EA multiobjetivo presentado en este artículo proporciona un método eficaz para evaluar similitudes del patrón de actividad y constituye un componente fundamental para la identificación de grupos distintivos de personas con patrones de actividad similares. 由于人类活动的复杂性和多维度特性,人类活动模式的相似性评估和基于相似模式的个体分类仍具有较高的挑战性。本文提出了一种新型的、独特的方法来评估个体活动模式的相似性。该研究利用序列比对将人类活动的多个方面编码成多维序列,并将活动模式相似性评估作为一个多目标优化问题,其目的是使所有维度的比对成本同时最低。多目标最优进化算法被用于生成一组不同的最优或接近最优的比对解决方案。为此特别设计了进化算子,并集成一种局部搜索方法提高了算法的整体搜索能力。为验证该方法的有效性,本文以50对序列作为实验,并与常用的ClustalG方法进行了对比。研究结果表明,该方法在多数选取案例中性能优于ClustalG方法。因此,本文提出的多目标进化（EA）算法为个体活动模式相似性评估提供了一种有效方法,也为具有相似活动模式个体中特定群体识别奠定了基础。     

关于保护多样性文化的思考

人类文化本来就是由多样性的文化所组成,文化的多样性是人类社会的基本特征,也是人类文明发展进步的动力。失去了文化的多样性就意味着失去了人类文化的特色,失去了人类文化“多样共存”的和谐关系。保护多样性文化最重要的价值,是它向我们传承着我们民族根脉延续而存活到今天的意义。     

旅游地间生态关系分析

旅游地虽然不是生命体,但具有许多生命体的基本特征,将旅游地作为一种特殊的生命体,从生态学的视角来观察,研究旅游地的空间关系,是本的基本思路,本首先从旅游地的生存与发展出发,借用生态学的种群间关系理论,深入分析了旅游地之间的生存与发展关系,确立了旅游地空间关系的基本类型及各类型的基本特征,在此基础上,得出了旅游地空间生存关系各基本类型之间可以相互转化这一主要结论;最后,指出了本研究在旅游资源评价与开发,区域旅游规划和旅游发展战略研究中的实践意义。     

考虑小型团体游客多类型期望的旅游产品个性化定制方法

随着旅游行业的发展,旅游行业的竞争越来越激烈,如何更好地满足游客的个性化需求成为关注的焦点.针对小型团体游客的旅游产品个性化定制问题,本文提出了一种考虑小型团体游客多类型期望的旅游产品个性化定制方法.在该方法中,首先,通过问卷调查获取游客针对不同类型旅游产品属性的期望要求;其次,计算不同类型的旅游产品属性各取值水平满足游客需求的程度;再其次,通过建立和求解优化模型来确定旅游产品定制方案;最后,通过一个算例说明本文提出的方法的可行性与有效性.     

贵州遵义市播州杨氏土司墓葬形制研究

纵观播州杨氏土司墓葬的发展,其规模、结构、雕刻均有由繁至简的发展趋势,对昭穆制的遵循从严格走向了松散。腰坑葬俗是宋元明时期播州境内比较盛行的丧葬习俗,墓志亦是播州杨氏礼制遵循和身份等级体现的一个方面。墓前神道或拜台有自南宋中期的繁复到宋元明之交的简单到明末又归于复杂的发展轨迹,体现出时代的特征和墓葬装饰自内向外的转变。     

浅析马家窑文化彩陶几何纹纹饰

马家窑文化不同类型时期彩陶几何纹纹饰呈现出不同的特点和演变、发展脉络,本文主要探讨了几何纹纹饰风格的发展趋向和规律,分析了其产生的社会、技术因素,以期对我国史前先民的审美标准与价值取向有所了解。     

Measuring Spatial Dispersion: An Experimental Test on the M-Index

Despite representing a very accurate method for assessing spatial distribution, Marcon and Puech's M has been insufficiently exploited so far, most likely because its computation relies on pairing every point of interest (i.e., firms, plants) with every other point within the area under analysis. Such a figure rapidly grows to unmanageable levels when said area is larger than a neighborhood or when every industry is taken into account. Consequently, practical applications of M have been exclusively experimental and circumscribed to very limited areas or to a handful of industries. This seems much regrettable since M provides many advantages compared to conventional measures of spatial distribution and also to alternative distance measures. In this article, we assess the reliability of using small administrative units instead of exact postal addresses for the localization of plants, in order to reduce M's computational burden. Working with a dataset that provides the location, the specific industry and the number of employees for every single plant/establishment in Italy for both manufacturing and services, we can also draw a preliminary but certainly interesting picture of Sardinia's economic geography and its development through the Great Recession toughest years between 2007 and 2012.     

先秦诸子语言使用的层次问题

阅读先秦诸子,发现其对语言的态度不尽相同。分析其不同,发现其关注点不同而使用的语言也有不同的层次。明白语言使用的层次性,至少对训诂、阐释、语文教学等有意义。     

刘秀“度田”史实考论

刘秀“度田”虽历经曲折,但并不像以往论所主观臆断的那样：“完全失败了”或“不了了之”,而是最终以“更正”与“坐租”的形式,取得了理想的结局,并对“郡国大姓及兵长”给予了一次沉重的打击,从而“牛马放牧,邑门不闭”,为“明章之际,号次升平”奠定了必备的基础和条件。     

蒙古族识宝传说研究

中国民间识宝传说历史悠久,流传广远。近来由于程蔷先生系统深入的开拓性研究,中国识宝传说已经引起国内外民俗学界的普遍关注。不过,中国识宝传说的研究至今还局限在汉语传承的研究,尚没有充分利用各少数民族民间流传的识宝传说材料。而各民族民间文学集成资料表明,识宝传说还广泛流传在少数民族民间,与汉族的识宝传说共同构成了绚丽多彩的中国识宝传说。     

清代化平川厅厅治溯源研究

与现代论著主要论述宁夏泾源县的建置沿革不同,本文主要从地理学的角度分析泾源县治所从宋到清迁徙、废弃和复置的原因。北宋陇山东西两侧道路的变迁、金代陇山川原开发和陕西地缘格局转变、元明陕西政治交通格局变化以及清代安置回民,都对泾源县治所的变化产生了影响。     

关于"跨国诉讼"--中日民间战争赔偿诉讼评述

在日本法庭进行的关于战争赔偿的诉讼,是在冷战结束后多元化的国际社会背景下对战后不彻底的日本战争责任的继续追究,它反映了近年来主权国家主权意识和人权意识的明显强化。尽管诉讼的过程相当漫长,最终结果难以预料,但是诉讼过程客观上具有促进日本社会加深认识侵略战争责任的意义,而诉讼结果对推动战后赔偿立法,解决战后遗留问题也有相当大的影响。目前,需要对诉讼的基本情况和背景进行深入的了解,客观评价诉讼的意义,正确分析诉讼的结果,并应对诉讼所面临的法理障碍和诉讼主体本身的问题有准确的把握。     

布依族信仰民俗中醮环保理念

随着中国的改革开放,越来越多的中外游人来到贵州旅游,贵州宜人的气候,美丽的大自然景观深为游人叹服：这里不仅有名冠天下的黄果树大瀑布,更有一系列喀斯特地貌的瀑布群,层峦叠嶂的茂兰喀斯特地貌上莽莽苍苍的原始森林一有地球上同一纬度喀斯特地貌上硕果仅存的荔波原始森林、梵净山原始森林,     

Cultural Effects on Phenetic Distances Among Postclassic Mexican and Southwest United States Populations

The Southwest United States (US) and Mesoamerica are often thought of as disparate regional networks separated by Northern Mexico. Chaco Canyon in the Southwest US, Tlatelolco in Central Mexico and Casas Grandes in Northern Mexico, all had large inter‐regional trade centres that economically connected these networks. This study investigated how factors such as geographic distance, shared migration history, trade and political interaction affected biological relationships and population affinities among sites in Mexico and in Southwest US during the Postclassic period (ad 900 ~ 1520). Distances based on cultural and geographic variables derived from archaeological and ethnohistoric data were compared with phenetic distances obtained from dental morphological traits. The results of Mantel tests show trade (corr = 0.441, p = 0.005), shared migration history (corr = 0.496, p = 0.004) and geographic distance (corr = 0.304, p = 0.02) are significantly correlated with phenetic distances, whereas political interaction (corr = 0.157, p = 0.133) is not. Partial Mantel tests show trade (corr = 0.223, p = 0.049) and shared migration history (corr = 0.493, p = 0.003) remain significant when controlling for similarities with geographic distance, although the correlation for trade and phenetic distance is lowered. Geographic distance is not significant when similarities with trade (corr = 0.067, p = 0.681) and shared migration history (corr = 0.148, p = 0.127) are controlled. These results highlight the importance of economic relationships and shared migration history across geographic regions in interpreting biological relationships among contemporaneous populations in prehistoric Mexico and the Southwest US. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.