《汉学商兑》学术批判方式探析

方东树所著《汉学商兑》的批判对象并非仅仅限于《国朝汉学师承记》,而是以批驳《国朝汉学师承记》为由展开对清代汉学的全面批判。虽说方东树在批驳对手时多主观臆断及肆意攻击之词,但从学术批判展开的具体方式及产生的影响看,《汉学商兑》不失为中国传统学术批评的经典著作。《汉学商兑》在体例选择、谋篇布局、重点议题的选择及论证等方面都与汉学家争锋相对,确有引发学界广泛关注及动摇对方根基的作用。在涉及训诂、制度等汉学家擅长的研究领域,方东树多采取回避、兼采、贬低的方式,少有正面交锋。对于无法反驳的问题,或以"理"压制汉学家,或以朝廷权威威胁对手,将学术交锋转换为政治问题,这在相当程度上削弱了《汉学商兑》的学术批判水准与价值。     

学力、师友与门径——评江藩《国朝汉学师承记》主要特色

有清一代,尤其清代中叶,汉学发展如日中天,江藩作为干嘉时期著名的汉学家,亲授业于干嘉诸儒,并与其中代表人物有相当之往来,其所撰写的《国朝汉学师承记》,有针对性地对清代学术(汉学)作了第一次系统的梳理,影响深远。本文不就具体的"门户之争"、学术史写法等学术界争论的焦点发表看法,只就读书所得,就《汉学师承记》所体现的治学精神、师友之道与对当今学者为学与为人的启发三个层面展开论述,以获得一种对该书乃至清代学术新的观察视角。     

江藩和他的《国朝汉学师承记》

江藩字子屏,号郑堂,江苏甘泉人.生于乾隆二十六年(1761),卒于道光十年(1830),是清代考据学中吴派的得力干将,也是全面系统研究清代学术的第一人.他的《国朝汉学师承记》、《国朝经师经义目录》和《国朝宋学渊源记》,比较全面系统地勾勒出了清代学术的基本面貌,尤其是《国朝汉学师承记》是他的得力之作,一问世就受到学术界的普遍重视.对于它的评价学术界历来不一.赞许者认为:“读此书可知汉世儒林家法之承授,国朝学者经术之渊源,大义微言不乖不绝,而二氏之说亦不攻自破矣.”①反对者说:“自是以来,汉学大盛,新编林立,声气扇和专与宋儒为水火.而……历观诸家之书,所以标宗旨,峻门户,上援通贤,下詟流俗,众口一舌,不出于训诂小学名物制度.弃本贵末,违戾诋诬,于圣人躬行求仁修齐治平之数一切抹杀.名为治经,实足乱经;名为卫道,实则畔道.”②就是和江藩同一个”汉学”     

《汉学师承记（外二种）》订正

《中国近代学术名著》是由三联书店近年出版的朱维铮教授执行主编的丛书,已出十册,繁体竖排,开本大,版式阔,纸张好。物难全美,当然未免疵病。不贤识小,光就这套《名著》的第一册《汉学师承记(外二种)》的标点和文字,略做校议。《编者说明》诚恳地“期待高明指正”,但愿我这篇东西能作为编者再版时必备的参考资料。     

惠栋与卢见曾幕府研究

惠栋为清代汉学的开派宗师,他晚年曾于卢见曾幕府中主持编校刊刻《雅雨堂丛书》,撰写自己的学术专著《周易述》。惠栋既与志同道合的沈大成等人探讨学术,又十分关心经学后俊的成长,如戴震、王昶等,日后乾嘉时期学术大家直接受到了他的影响。可以说作幕于卢见曾幕府时期,是惠栋传播其汉学思想的重要时期。卢见曾幕府为其提供了较为安定的从事学术研究的场所,而惠栋的汉学思想对于卢见曾认可理解清代汉学亦有深刻浸润,卢见曾幕府是惠栋播扬汉学的助推器。     

赵之谦《汉学师承续记》评说

本文充分肯定了赵之谦《汉学师承续记》在资料收集、资料使用方面的成就,同时指出了该书所撰人物小传尚有疏漏、著录各家著作时有缺失等不足,就整理本存在的问题也作了客观的分析。     

清代史学思想的主流与汉学的关系

在清代,汉学和宋学交互作用,影响着这一时期史学思想的发展。本文从四个方面探讨了清代汉学对史学的影响。     

“不知宋学，则无以评汉宋之是非”－－钱穆与清代学术史研究

钱穆是20世纪中国研究清代学术史的大家,《中国近三百年学术史》是他研究清代学术史的名作。钱穆主要是从宋学的角度来研究清代学术,提出了清代汉学渊源于宋学,“不知宋学,则无以评汉宋之是非”的名论断。由于钱穆治清代学术史主要以昂扬宋学精神为主旨,所以他在评价和判识清代学人学术思想的高下深浅时,就贯穿了一条是否有志经世、是否心系天下安危的宋学精神为其评判标准。     

蜡以覆车与蜡以覆面

《汉学师承记》卷三言及钱大昕犹子钱坫,坫着《史记注》,临终托於松筠曰：“坫疾不起矣。三十年精力,尽於此书,惟明公怜之,勿使蜡以覆车焉。”漆永祥笺释：     

论乾嘉汉学的更新运动

汉学是清代学术最为核心的内容 ,其发展几乎贯穿整个清学历史演变的全过程。本文对乾嘉之际 (1 8世纪末至 1 9世纪初 )汉学的求变与易帜、经学理论的异化与更新、经典诠释等方面 ,进行了系统考索 ,认为出现在乾嘉汉学内部的上述变动 ,实际上是一场汉学更新运动。它不仅终结了清代经典诠释的纯考据化 ,而且它所产生的社会与学术的双重效应 ,也是乾嘉汉学向近代经学蜕变的前奏     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.