LOCAL AMENITIES AND RENTS: TIEBOUT TAKES A VACATION*[link]

ABSTRACT This paper considers a two‐community model with free mobility, public expenditures set by majority voting, amenities that differ across communities, and two types of taxpayers sorting across communities according to different preferences. Residents pay local taxes, consume public services, and have the right to vote. Vacationers cannot vote, yet pay local taxes, and consume amenities. Amenities attract vacationers whose tax payments produce rents reducing the costs of public spending for permanent residents. These extractable rents produce stability in otherwise unstable equilibria. Relatively wealthy communities are generally less able than poor communities to extract rents.     

如何让语文教学生活化

语文是最重要的交际工具,是人类文化的重要组成部分。比起其他学科,语文能力与一个人的日常生活联系更紧密。要让学生真正扎扎实实地掌握并得心应手地运用语文这一人生的工具,就必须打破语文与生活之间的“厚障壁”,让语文教学与学生心灵相沟通,让语文课堂与社会天地相接壤,使语文教学“生活化”,使学生生活“语文化”。     

人力资源管理的重要环节——岗位设置

岗位设置是组织单位人力资源管理中十分重要的管理活动,本文试通过从事业单位岗位设置在人力资源管理中的地位、作用,谈岗位设置的重要性。学会科学的岗位设置是做好事业单位人力资源管理的必经之路。     

A missing link in the history of historiography: scholarly personae in the world of Alfred Dove

ABSTRACT

Drawing on the case of Alfred Dove (1844–1916), this article contributes to an emerging line of research on scholarly personae in the history of historiography. It does so by addressing the important but so far neglected question: What exactly does the prism of scholarly personae add to existing historiographical perspectives? The German historian Alfred Dove is an appropriate case study for this exercise, because historical scholarship in Wilhelmine Germany has been relatively well studied, from various angles. Most notably, it has been studied (1) through biographical lenses, (2) from institutional points of view, (3) as the cradle of ‘scientific history’, with special attention to historical methods of the sort codified by Ernst Bernheim, and (4) in relation to religious and political fault lines that divided the German Empire shortly after the Franco-Prussian War and the Kulturkampf. The thesis advanced in this article is that scholarly personae are a missing link between these four dimensions and therefore a theme of key importance for anyone trying to understand German historical studies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.     

Renewing the link between cognitive archeology and cognitive science

In cognitive archeology, theories of cognition are used to guide interpretation of archeological evidence. This process provides useful feedback on the theories themselves. The attempt to accommodate archeological data helps shape ideas about how human cognition has evolved and thus—by extension—how the modern form functions. But the implications that archeology has for cognitive science particularly relate to traditional proposals from the field involving modular decomposition, symbolic thought and the mediating role of language. There is a need to make a connection with more recent approaches, which more strongly emphasize information, probabilistic reasoning and exploitation of embodiment. Proposals from cognitive archeology, in which evolution of cognition is seen to involve a transition to symbolic thought need to be realigned with theories from cognitive science that no longer give symbolic reasoning a central role. The present paper develops an informational approach, in which the transition is understood to involve cumulative development of information-rich generalizations.     

Sudden neutral sodium layers: a strong link to sporadic E layers

A sodium LIDAR instrument located at Andenes, Norway (69°N; 16°E) observed several sudden developments of narrow sodium layers in the 90–100 km altitude region. These layers grow with typical time constants of 5 min and have a width of 1 km in altitude. We present the temporal and spatial properties for a number of these events. In a first step towards identifying the processes which create these layers we study the correlation of the growth phase of sudden sodium layers and of sporadic E layers. The latter have been recorded by an ionosonde located 129 km east of the LIDAR site. Within the mutual altitude and time resolution available in our common records a strong correlation of simultaneous occurrence of sudden sodium layers and E_s−l layers is observed, which establishes a strong link between the formation of the two types of layers. We further discuss processes which potentially could give rise to the formation of sudden sodium layers.     

The missing link: the need for comprehensive engagement in regions of refugee origin

Asylum policies in Britain and in the countries of its EU partners are failing to cope with the demands made upon them. With migration pressures mounting and opportunities for legal immigration to many EU states restricted, larger numbers of potential migrants are turning to alternative means of entry and access, namely irregular migration and asylum channels. The responses of states to these challenges have been to adopt more restrictive policies and practices that have considerably changed the balance between immigration control and refugee protection. While states have the right to control entry and enforce their borders, the restrictive measures that have come to dominate policy-making and recent immigration enforcement initiatives in Britain and its European partners do not sufficiently discriminate between asylum seekers and other kinds of migrants, thereby failing to safeguard the right of refugees to seek protection. Current British proposals to move asylum seekers to 'safe areas' in regions of origin fail to understand the burdens, pressures and priorities of countries in the regions, fail to ensure effective protection for those in need, and are unlikely to deliver the UK policy objective of substantially reducing the numbers of illegal entries to Britain. What is needed is an approach that reduces the number of individuals seeking protection in Europe while maintaining the European tradition of providing asylum to those in genuine need. The 'missing link' in asylum policy that would respond both to the concerns of states and to the protection needs of refugees is more comprehensive engagement in regions of refugee origin. It is in this way that western asylum countries, including the UK, may best address the challenge of providing international protection to victims of persecution and respond to their own concerns about asylum.     

Effect of multipath and snow on millimeter wave scintillations on a 4.1-km line-of-sight link

Multipath propagation can occur for various reasons. For example, it can be due to sudden changes in the refractive index of the propagation medium or to reflections from melting snow/ice. We find that dry snow, or even ‘moist’ snow at 0°C, has no measurable effect on the propagation of radio waves up to at least 54.5 GHz. When multipath propagation occurs, the low frequency part of the scintillation spectrum is distorted. The usual theoretical predictions applicable to line-of-sight millimeter wave propagaton through clear air turbulence must be used with caution when the scintillations of the propagating signals are a result of multipath effects. It is also noted that propagation through vegetation greatly distorts the clear-air scintillation spectrum. Saturation of scintillations, which can also dramatically alter the scintillation spectrum, is not expected to be a problem for millimeter wave propagation over line-of-sight paths.     

跟一只兔子去旅游

它是中国人心中的运动达人,和乌龟赛跑时,它因为太轻视对手而把长跑冠军拱手让人,又因为动起来太猛曾经在树桩上撞晕。     

Princely entries and gift exchange in the Burgundian Low Countries: a crucial link in late medieval political culture

This article treats the first entry of a new prince as the start of a series of exchanges between the prince and his subjects. On the occasion of an entry, gifts in all kind of forms, subsistence, luxury and symbolic goods, were exchanged with the intention of establishing a bond between the new ruler and the subjects. These gifts were not standardised in the Burgundian Low Countries. There was a wide range of gifts, from wine to silverware and from money to horses. Some gifts can be linked to the princely right of lodging in places he passed on his itinerary, whereas others refer to marks of honour offered by the host. However, not all gifts were given spontaneously, but were the result of a negotiating process between the town and the prince's officials on the one hand and between the different towns of a principality on the other. Those officials benefited as well from entry gifts that trickled down to lower levels in the official hierarchy. Therefore, the gifts can be considered as personalised items in a bigger process of exchange and as a confirmation of the outcome of political negotiations.     

A Chance Encounter with Tenzin

It was a pure coincidence. On October 5th, 2013, we were on our way from Shigatse to Mt Qomolangma Base Camp for the spectacular view of the top of the world.Unfortunately, the weather was horrible： in early October, it was supposed to be clear and fair in the area around Mt. Qomolangma, but in that couple of days it was all stormy.     

中国 竹子文明的国度

<正>竹原产中国,类型众多,适应性强,分布极广。在我国主要分布于四川、湖南等地,有熊猫之家和竹林深处的典故。竹子挺拔刚正,绿叶婆娑、蓬勃洒脱、高雅清幽、冬不凋落。山有竹则山青、水傍竹则水秀。人们爱竹的依依君子德,无处不相宜。竹是美的,长在哪里,便给哪里带来超凡的风韵,脱俗的情趣。置身于竹的世界,它会使你心旷神怡,忘记一切烦恼。     

中国 竹子文明的国度

<正>竹原产中国,类型众多,适应性强,分布极广。在我国主要分布于四川、湖南等地,有"熊猫之家"和"竹林深处"的典故。竹子挺拔刚正,绿叶婆娑、蓬勃洒脱、高雅清幽、冬不凋落。山有竹则山青、水傍竹则水秀。人们爱竹的"依依君子德,无处不相宜"。竹是美的,长在哪里,便给哪里带来超凡的风韵,脱俗的情趣。置身于竹的世界,它会使你心旷神怡,忘记一切烦恼。     

The link between fluids and rank variation in the South Wales Coalfield: evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes

Fluid inclusion and stable isotope data from quartz and carbonate minerals in fracture fillings and ‘ironstone’ nodules from the South Wales Coalfield have been used to characterise the fluids generated during basin evolution and associated coalification. Carbonates grew first, probably at relatively shallow depths and low temperatures (<100°C). The carbonates exhibit a trend of increasing C‐isotopic values across the coalfield, ranging from δ¹³C = ?12‰ VPDB in the SE of the coalfield to 0‰ VPDB in the NW, possibly as a result of increasing methanogenesis in the deeper (NW) parts of the coalfield. Quartz formed at a later stage of basin formation, probably at temperatures between 150 and 200°C. Fluid inclusions in these minerals suggest that burial and coalification of the sediments were associated with mixed aqueous–petroleum fluids. Furthermore, the density of these petroleum fluids decreases towards the NW of the coalfield, where the rank of the associated coal increases to anthracite grade. The study confirms that the composition and temperature of these fluids closely correlate with the variations in coal rank, indicating a possible causal link. The data also give general support to models that propose regional fluid flow in the basin. and are consistent with the erosion of approximately 2 km of section which is not preserved today. A geothermal gradient (at maximum burial) of 45°C km^?1 is proposed, and thus no exceptionally anomalous thermal regime is required to explain coal rank variation.     

Traditional and computed tomographic (CT) techniques link modern and Cenozoic fruits of Pleiogynium (Anacardiaceae) from Australia

Computed tomography (CT) and traditional techniques were used to study the internal morphology of modern fruits of Pleiogynium timoriense (DC.) Leenh., and phosphatized and silicified fruits that were considered to belong to the genus. The results demonstrate that phosphatized fruits from the Oligocene–Miocene Dunsinane site at Riversleigh and silicified fruits from the Oligocene Glencoe Site, which are both in Queensland, are referable to Pleiogynium. The Riversleigh material (Pleiogynium wannanii Rozefelds, Dettmann & Clifford sp. nov.) is very similar to extant P. timoriense (DC.) Leenh. Both possess locules that, in the vertical axial plane, are asymmetrically reniform and enclosed by a two-layered endocarp, the inner layer woody and resistant to decay, the outer of fibres and parenchyma, surrounded by a mesocarp of fibres and sclereids and a parenchymatous exocarp. The outer mesocarp is sculpted by meridionally arranged, elongate depressions (germination apertures) situated at the dorsal surface of each locule; erosion of the mesocarp and outer endocarp provides passage for emergence of the embryo’s radicle on germination. The silicified material from Glencoe (P. parvum Rozefelds, Dettmann & Clifford sp. nov.) is smaller in all its parts and has locules that are ovate in the vertical axial plane. Discrete, cap-like, opercula are not evident in the fruit wall of the fossil and extant fruits studied. The presence of Pleiogynium, and associated taxa, indicates the existence of rainforest communities at Glencoe, and mixed open forest/rainforest at Riversleigh during Oligocene–Miocene times. The multilocular, fossil fruit described as Pleiogynium mitchellii Collinson, Manchester and Wilde from the Eocene deposits at Messel Quarry, Germany, is not considered to belong in the genus, as evidence of elongate depressions on the dorsal surface of the fruit stones has not been demonstrated conclusively, and its internal morphology/anatomy differs significantly from that of Pleiogynium.