建国初期党对农村公共卫生事业的探索

新中国的成立给人民带来了曙光,是中国历史上伟大的转折,整个国家和人民都沉浸在满满的喜悦中。喜悦之余党也深刻认识到国家所存在的矛盾和种种问题。本文通过对建国初期农村公共卫生事业的发展进行回顾,在解读党的卫生工作方针和政策的基础上,总结建国初期农村公共卫生事业的发展和新变化,并进行总体评价和分析,为当前我国农村公共卫生事业发展做出启示。     

太平洋战争时期朝鲜人资本家的"中国侵略"

在日本殖民统治期间,朝鲜资产阶级处于被统治、从属的地位,具有明显的寄生性、从属性。但是在日本的对外侵略中,朝鲜的资产阶级为了追求经济的扩张,依附于日本侵略者,呈现出一种“第二日本人化”的趋势,成为“侵略战争的前卫队”。特别是在太平洋战争时期,进入中国的朝鲜人资本家为了牟取暴利,为日本侵略军提供协助,成为日本侵华战争的帮凶,暴露了其露骨的“侵略性”。这种侵略性是殖民地时期朝鲜人资本家的特性。     

城市化下的“卫生”困境与突破--论19世纪后半期美国城市公共卫生改革

19世纪后半期迅猛发展的美国城市化,使美国社会经济生活出现全方位的变化。同时,人口高度密集的城市环境导致公共卫生问题恶化,出现所谓的卫生危机,从而促发了城市公共卫生改革。此后,在美国城市的环境治理和疫病防治方面都出现系列性变化,城市公共卫生开始走上正轨。在此过程中,政府开始直接干预公共卫生,大众卫生意识得以强化,为美国城市卫生事业留下了宝贵遗产。     

简述社会力量与民国公共卫生事业

民国时期国家的建立,政府部门与一些社会团体相辅相成,促进了近代中国公共卫生的发展,从而逐渐改变旧中国脏、乱、差的卫生现象。国家力量虽然是公共卫生事业主要领导力量,引领行政部分服务大众的健康。但公共卫生事业在近代的发展离不开社会力量的响应与参与,社会力量一定程度弥补了行政机构的不足,并且发挥着一定作用。     

抗战时期四川公共卫生事业述论

抗战时期是四川近现代史上公共卫生事业大发展时期。从发展速度、规模,开展工作的数量、质量等方面看,战时四川公共卫生事业与全国其他省份相比更具特殊的地位和价值。经过抗战时期的发展,四川奠定了在全国的公共卫生事业大省的地位。疫病防控、空袭救护、医药治疗是战时四川公共卫生工作的三大主要内容。但受经费的短绌、质与量发展的不协调、卫生行政体制的弊端等因素的制约,战时四川公共卫生事业还远远不能满足社会和民众的需要。     

19世纪中后期英国公共卫生管理制度的发展及其影响

19世纪中后期,为保障公共卫生安全,英国政府全面介入卫生管制,注重立法规范与制度建设,先后通过创建卫生总署、枢密院医务部与地方政府事务部等机构统筹管理公共卫生,最终构建出一套以地方政府为核心、辅以中央政府监督引导的公共卫生管理制度。英国公共卫生管理制度由偏重环境卫生和医疗服务的集权掌控转向中央政府指导下地方政府科学管理的行政分权,体现出英国政府能顺应城市化、工业化的需要,把握住医疗科学突飞猛进的时代机遇,通过改革公共卫生管理范式完善社会管理制度。英国公共卫生管理制度在一定程度上保障了民众身心健康,推动了社会发展与国家实力提升,既有利于其殖民扩张,也对殖民地和其他资本主义国家影响深远。     

从卫生防疫到全民健康

正人民健康是民族昌盛和国家富强的重要标志,疫病防控是中国卫生健康事业成效最为显著、影响最为广泛的工作之一。新中国成立以来,党和政府始终坚持以人民为中心的发展思想,把实现全民健康覆盖、人人享有基本医疗卫生服务作为奋斗目标,坚持"预防为主、防治结合"的方针,不断加强疾病预防控制工作,从同疫病做斗争的卫生防疫发展为全方位、全周期保障人民健康,公共卫生整体实力和疾病防控能力显著提升,开辟了一条符合中国国情的卫生与健康发展道路。为了满足     

试析清末民初延边地区医疗卫生机构

清末民初我国的卫生机构体制尚不成熟,在中央设卫生机构,掌管全国卫生行政事务;在地方确立了卫生警察制度,当疫病袭来时,地方政府会设置临时性的卫生防疫机构。延边地区医疗卫生条件较为落后,且战略地位险要。中国和日本争相设置医疗卫生机构,在客观上促进了延边地区医疗水平的提高。但是,中日两国围绕医疗卫生控制权展开的关乎国家主权的争夺,使我们深刻意识到医疗卫生事业的重要性,我们要始终坚持和维护国家主权的独立和完整。     

防控疫情从我做起

"预防为主"是发展中国公共卫生事业的基本方针。党和政府领导人民,通过开展群众性的爱国卫生运动,放手发动群众,普及卫生知识,改善基础设施,推行健康文明的生活方式,形成了"人人讲卫生,人人重预防"的群众性公共卫生格局。其中"勤洗手,戴口罩"作为预防病毒的科学防护重要举措,不仅是个人的良好卫生习惯,而且历来是我国以预防和减少疾病、维护人民健康的爱国卫生运动中的一项主要内容。因此我国的火柴企业出品过不少以"讲卫生光荣,预防疾病,从我做起"为主题内容的火花。     

山田清三郎来"满洲"伊始的创作

1937年,日本悍然发动了全面侵华战争,为了达到长期霸占中国东北大好河山的目的。日本法西斯政权计划实施百万移民的殖民主义政策,大批日本开拓民伴随着军国主义的炮声,强占了中国农民的大片土地。为了顺应军国主义的侵略政策,很多转向的左翼作家来到中国,站在狭隘的民族主义立场上为日本帝国主义的强盗行径做吹鼓手或图解员,曾身为日本无产阶级艺术联盟委员长的山田清三郎便是其中典型的一例。自其1939年来中国东北伊始,便走上了一条背叛无产阶级革命事业的堕落的道路。甘心当一名日本殖民政权的走卒。     

江苏省城乡公共服务发展差距及其障碍因素分析

以江苏省13个省辖市为研究样本,通过构建评价教育、卫生、环境和基础设施等公共服务指标体系,运用熵值法、协调度模型和障碍度模型等方法,对江苏各省辖市的城乡公共服务发展水平进行综合评价。结果表明:①城乡公共服务发展水平区域分异明显;②不同类型公共服务发展水平城乡差距各不相同,基础教育服务城乡差距明显,医疗卫生服务乡村远落后于城市,生态环境服务城乡差距相对较小,基础设施服务城乡差距位居中等;③城乡公共服务协调发展水平可以划分为四种类型,城乡基础教育和医疗卫生等服务领域发展水平差距是影响多数省辖市城乡公共服务协调发展的最大障碍因素。     

辽宁省城市基本公共服务质量差异的时空分析

基于基本公共服务的内涵,从教育服务、文化服务、卫生服务、基础设施服务、社会保障服务、生态环境服务和信息服务7个方面构建了基本公共服务质量评价指标体系,运用熵值法对2003-2011年辽宁省城市基本公共服务质量进行综合测度,并以此为变量,利用差异系数和基尼系数对辽宁省各市基本公共服务质量差异的演变过程与空间格局进行定量分析。结果发现:辽宁省各市基本公共服务质量整体为上升的趋势,表现出较为明显的规模特征,沈阳市和大连市两极突出;2003-2011辽宁省城市基本公共服务质量区域差异总体扩大的基础上,呈现先扩大后缩小的演变趋势,且以文化服务、卫生服务和基础设施服务的差异为主;空间上,公共服务质量空间提升极化作用不断增强,表现为不断向"沈阳-大连、盘锦-本溪"的"十字"轴线紧靠。     

Student activism, mental health, and English-Canadian universities in the 1960s

Student mental health services were created at many American universities during the interwar years in association with the mental hygiene movement of that era. In Canada, psychologists and psychiatrists became focused on the well-being of schoolchildren during this period, but services for university students were minimal or non-existent at most institutions until well after the Second World War. Influenced by American trends and in tune with rising public concern over the problems students were experiencing on Canada's burgeoning campuses, student organizations, in co-operation with the Canadian Mental Health Association, began a concerted campaign for improved services in the early 1960s. Through conferences, seminars, and surveys, they revealed the extent of student distress, and by 1965 their efforts were attracting increasing media attention and having a direct impact on university student health policies. Their campaign then entered a new phase, transformed by the same radicalization that infused the wider student movement in the wake of the Berkeley free speech protests. Dissatisfied with the institutional response and distrustful of the motives behind the services now provided, activists questioned the very meaning of 'mental health' in the context of their deeper critique of the university and society. By the end of the decade, the student mental health movement had run its course, but it left a lasting legacy in the ongoing reform of university health services and in attitudes towards student mental health.     

Intersectionality and planning at the margins: LGBTQ youth of color in New York

Through an intersectional lens, this article reflects on the dialog between planning and gender, feminist, and queer studies to analyze the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth of color (YOC) community in New York City (NYC). The community is subject to multiple disenfranchisements, given their ethno-racial status, class, age, gender, and sexual orientation. This community's limited access to safe public spaces and amenities, housing, health services, job training, and other opportunities is an urban planning challenge insufficiently understood or addressed. Our methodology includes participant observation and analysis of an LGBTQ YOC tour of West Village in NYC, interviews with LGBTQ individuals and NGO staff, life stories, observations in LGBTQ-friendly meetings and facilities, and content analysis of LGBTQ reports and media coverage. The research shows the agency of an LGBTQ youth group as a resilient community organization effectively participating in planning processes and exerting rights to public space and services. Finally, it offers recommendations to planners and policy-makers to facilitate the recognition and expansion of rights to the city for LGBTQ, particularly YOC, by committing to understanding their unique conditions and needs and expanding their access to safe housing and public spaces, poverty reduction programs and job opportunities, and health and social support services.     

Sanitized Modernity: Rural Public Health in Mid-Twentieth Century Khuzestan

Existing histories of public health in Iran often center on elite or urban narratives. This paper shifts the focus to Iran’s villages by examining the twentieth century public health history of rural northern Khuzestan. It argues that Khuzestani villagers desired, rather than resisted, modern medical services. However, vertical decision-making and the prioritization given by public health planners to economic concerns over social well-being led to the uneven distribution of services and failure to fulfill the expectations of Khuzestan’s villagers. This paper uses memoirs, official reports, correspondence, and other records from the Development & Resources Corporation, along with reports from Iran’s Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, to bring a richer picture of Iranian villagers’ twentieth century history into focus.     

The Budget of the European Union and its Contribution to Finance Programmes for Health and Consumer Protection

The objective of this paper is to shed light on the dynamic financial aspects of the European Union's (EU's) strategy towards financing the programmes for health and consumer protection. Also it presents the perspectives of the new community approach to public health, while it recognizes that although EU's efforts, member states remain responsible for the organization and delivery of health services and medical care. Therefore, community's actions simply complements national policies. The paper analyses also aspects of the budgetary data provided by the European Commission Concerning the allocation of funds in all the areas and activities of the EU's budget focusing the attention on EU health programmes. The paper underlines the need for an integrated, transparent and proactive public health at all levels in the EU while, it emphasizes the need to promote, in European and national level, a broad strategy on public health to meet the key responsibilities and new challenges.     

公共服务设施可达性、个人社会资本与居民心理健康——基于北京的实证研究

利用2018年来自北京的问卷调查数据,本文探讨了公共服务设施可达性、个人社会资本及其交互作用对居民心理健康的影响。研究发现：公共服务设施可达性对心理健康具有显著的正向影响,且对新市民的影响更突出。个人社会资本中密切交往的网络规模、从社会网络中获取经济支持两个维度对其心理健康有显著正向作用,但在新市民和本地市民群体间不存在显著差异。个人社会资本能够强化公共服务设施可达性对心理健康的正向影响。本文验证了社会生态学的健康促进模型的相关假设,即外部环境特征和个人社会资本相互嵌套共同影响个人健康水平。鉴于此,健康城市规划需兼顾“硬件”与“软件”层面,既要构建公平正义的空间环境,还需加强社会资本和社会组织培育。     

Structural Reform of the Veterinary Profession in Africa and the New Institutional Economics

This article reviews a number of critical issues in the structural reform of animal health services in Africa. Using the New Institutional Economics, it highlights several problems that others concerned with the privatization of this service area have tended to neglect. Most notably it calls attention to: (1) the need to retain a central role for paraprofessionals in the new delivery system; (2) the desirability of competition between the veterinary and para-veterinary professions; (3) the importance of developing state contracting procedures for assisting the private delivery of animal health that will avoid the problems of local monopoly; and (4) the central role that new and strengthened professional associations will have to play in this area if collective goods and the public interest are to be served. The article's larger purpose is to demonstrate that the New Institutional Economics has a great deal to contribute to the older precepts of neo-classical economics in anticipating and thinking through the fundamental changes that privatization of professional services in Africa are posing. In this sense it is a first step in a larger programme of empirical and theoretical research.     

江苏省城乡公共服务区域差异的调查分析

根据江苏省样本地市的城乡公共服务水平及居民满意度调查数据,通过构建指标体系及权重,构造重要性与满意度矩阵等方法,本文从基础教育,医疗卫生,社会福利,文体服务、公共设施和生态环境及公共服务等方面对江苏省城乡公共服务水平的差异进行了分析。结果表明:江苏省城乡公共服务水平的区域差异明显,苏北地区的城乡差异较大,苏中和苏南地区较小;居民对城市公共服务满意度总体好于农村;城市与农村各类公共服务水平差距显著,尤其表现在文体服务与公共服务设施上;多数地市城乡公共服务水平协调度偏低。针对分析结果,本文提出了促进江苏省城乡公共服务协调发展的政策建议。