The Purpose of Porphyry's Letter to Marcella

Porphyry's Letter to Marcella was ostensibly written by the Neoplatonic philosopher, while away on a mission on behalf of the Greeks, in order to encourage his wife, Marcella, to continue her study of philosophy during his absence. The precise date of the letter is uncertain. It is here argued that it was intended for public circulation and should be seen in association with Porphyry's anti-Christian polemic. It can be interpreted as a protreptic text intended to convert its readers to true philosophy, and it is suggested that it was directed to those women who might otherwise be attracted to Christianity. Marcella can be said to represent the intended readership of the letter.     

共产国际代表与中国非基督教运动

爆发于20世纪20年代的中国非基督教运动,是在俄共(布)与共产国际远东局、青年国际的直接指导下,由中国共产党发起并领导,也包括国民党等组织成员参与的政治斗争。俄共及共产国际将不断发展的基督教及其事业,以及在中国青年中滋长的亲美思想,视为中国人走俄国革命道路的障碍,因此,发动非基督教运动旨在打击西方在华宗教势力,削弱西方影响,唤起中国青年的民族主义情绪,并且在青年中扩大共产党的影响。他们通过反对基督教会实现反帝目标的策略在实践中获得一定成效。但基督教在中国社会生活中的地位毕竟与东正教在俄国的情况有很多差别,共产国际代表以俄国革命反宗教斗争的经验,来影响中国的非基督教运动,不免有过左的倾向,而这种倾向直到红军长征结束之际才开始被纠正。     

李星沅与"青浦教案"

“青浦教案”系中国近代史上的第一起教案。英国领事阿礼国欲乘机突破原有条约框架的限定,谋取更大的利益;中方处理此事的主要人物为两江总督李星沅,他曾亲身接见前来违约“投诉”的巴夏里。李星沅在本次教案中的所作所为,代表了当时清朝官员观察中外关系的视角和处理中外交涉的手段。通过此教案可以看出,清朝官员在处理中外交涉时,仍然处于完全的劣势。     

Feud and Fable: The Sherrington-Horsley Polemic and the Delayed Publication

In the February and March 1894 pages of The Lancet and in private letters, Charles Sherrington and Victor Horsley exchanged angry accusations pertaining to primacy of research on the course of the pyramidal fiber tract as determined from studies in monkeys. The polemics appear not to have ended in a manner satisfactory to either one. Moreover, the dispute allegedly led to a remarkable delay in publication of one of Sherrington’s major contributions, which pertained to the localization of the motor cortex in apes that was published in 1917. Here we examine the argument in detail including the comments of an intermediary, Professor Rubert Boyce. We also examine the evidence for the supposed delay in publication, and conclude that the account of the delay originated in John Fulton’s 1952 obituary of Sherrington, and is not true. We suggest it has become a fable that should no longer be repeated.     

非基运动与民国上海大学师生群

民国上海大学对1922—1927年的非基运动具有重大影响。不仅促成运动在1924年8月的"复活",且使其在同年底发生从宣传到行动的重要转折,推动该运动成为一项全国性运动。相当一批非基运动中的活跃分子具有上海大学师生和中共党团员的双重身份。非基运动在一定程度上是中共借助上海大学这一革命平台成功领导的一场社会运动。上海大学的个案集中显示了由师生关系和社团组织两条路径共同形成的革命性、开放性的群体对非基运动乃至整个早期中共学生运动的影响。     

The Interest of Reason Is to Go Without God. Jacobi's Polemic Against Philosophical Theology

Jacobi's polemics against philosophical theology is meant to show that neither Spinoza, nor Kant, nor Fichte nor Schelling have been able to think God as a person, that is as a free, intelligent being. In order to elucidate Jacobi's position I focus on two less well‐known texts of his, viz., A Few Comments Concerning Pious Fraud (1788) and Of Divine Things and Their Revelation (1811). In the second section I situate two key philosophical theological concepts — deism and theism — against the broader context of modern philosophy. The third section analyses Jacobi's polemic against deism, followed by an examination of his positive attitude towards theism and an explanation of the reasons why he, at the end of his life, came to identify theism with deism and extended the negative meaning of the latter term to the former. In the final section, I give an outline of Jacobi's alternative idea of philosophical theology.     

Polemic,Parliament and History: Michael Foot versus David Owen

Michael Foot had good reasons for resenting Dr David Owen, who played a prominent role in the formation of the breakaway Social Democratic Party (SDP) while Foot was Labour's leader. In Loyalists and Loners (1986), a book of political pen‐portraits, Foot duly delivered a blistering attack on Owen, focusing on two charges – that Owen was consumed by personal ambition from an early stage of his career, and that he was an ideological turncoat who had wilfully misused the word ‘socialism’. The present article examines Foot's allegations in the light of various historical sources, including the private papers of both protagonists. It is argued that, though Foot's charges seem devastating at first sight – and have never been refuted by Owen or his admirers – they cannot be sustained after an impartial review of the evidence. This reappraisal provides new insights into Owen's remarkable and controversial career at two pivotal stages – his initial rise to ministerial office, and his decision to leave Labour.     

博物馆走向免费时代

<正>2008年1月23日,中宣部、财政部、文化部、国家文物局联合下发《关于全国博物馆、纪念馆免费开放的通知》。从当年3月份起,全国2400多家博物馆、纪念馆中,约有1100家陆续面向公众免费开放。     

建设学习型政党的时代价值

在全球化和信息化的时代背景下,建设学习型政党是我们党巩固执政地位,强化执政基础的必然选择,是我们党加强自身建设的重要战略目标,也是对马克思主义和人类政治文明做出的重大贡献。     

介乎國體安危與華夷之辨之間——晚明政府對待外來宗教態度辨析

本文以發生在萬曆末期南京和崇禎時期福建的兩次有官方背景的天主教事件爲研究對象,將兩次事件中留下的官方文告與同一時期士人反對天主教的文章進行橫比,再以之與前後朝代官方反對民間宗教組織的政策和行爲進行縱比,分析出晚明政府對待外來宗教和外來文化的基本特點是服從於社會治安管理的需要,當政府認爲其不危害社會時,可以容忍,反之則傾向於加以限制,其中並不包含明確的是否文化異端的考慮。因此,雖然晚明政府對一個團體之社會價值的認定有很大主觀性和偏見,但也不能認爲晚明中國政府習慣於排斥外來文化和宗教。