自由与平等的道德观

文章提出自由、平等、道德这三个日常生活中常碰到的词,关于它的意思和真正价值需要认真地思考。首先要从道德的角度去理解自由和平等这两个概念,然后又从自由和平等的角度去理解道德,并把这种理解放到日常生活中,最基本的是不要制造痛苦,不要制造暴力。     

平等基础上的自由:托克维尔革命观研究

"平等"、"自由"以及这两者之间的关系,一直是政治学研究中比较重要的课题。托克维尔是法国著名思想家。在他看来,"平等"虽然使得人能够按照自己的意志独立的执行自己的个人事务,但是,过度的平等就会走向个人主义甚至是利己主义。在对自由的理解中,托克维尔认为,"自由"能够抵制住平等向着个人主义发展的苗头。本文将通过对托克维尔对"平等"、"自由"的观点以及如何处理二者之间的阐述,逐步揭示出托克维尔的革命价值观。     

“西方化不是地理概念，而是时间概念”：对话高氏兄弟

人物周刊：你们说过,不要怕西方化。 高氏兄弟：我们说不要怕西方化,实际上是说不要怕西方的价值观念会影响中国,因为这是不可避免的。像自由,平等,博爱这样的价值观念是人类文明进化到一个高级阶段的标志,在中国被广泛接受只是一个时间问题。     

意志自由对于道德主体的核心价值

道德主体身份认同至少需要符合三个要素:自由、理性和责任,意志自由是这一特征的集中体现。意志自由是基于对道德必然的认识和遵循;意志自由是道德主体的本真存在,是道德主体超越道德必然的核心要素,也是道德责任的发生根据和实现条件。     

柏拉图与康德自由观比较之初探

在不同的历史时期,哲学家对自由的理解存在着差异。古希腊哲学家柏拉图认为人可以凭借理智生活而获得自由。近代以来,康德通过对以往形而上学的反思和批判,进而指出了认识的界限,并为自由提供了道德意义上的可能。通往自由之路的方式实现从理智生活到道德生活的转变。     

柏拉图与康德自由观比较之初探

在不同的历史时期,哲学家对自由的理解存在着差异。古希腊哲学家柏拉图认为人可以凭借理智生活而获得自由。近代以来,康德通过对以往形而上学的反思和批判,进而指出了认识的界限,并为自由提供了道德意义上的可能。通往自由之路的方式实现从理智生活到道德生活的转变。     

马克思空间生产思想的三重维度及当代价值

马克思对社会空间作了考察,探讨了自然空间到人化自然空间的转化,让其空间思想呈现出社会实践、资本批判和伦理价值三重维度。在社会实践维度,社会空间是人生产实践的产物。以往的哲学无法理解空间生产的主体性、历史性和实践性,马克思从社会实践角度考察了空间生产的演变过程、人与自然空间的互动、空间生产的社会性等,开启了对空间生产的新理解。在资本批判维度,空间生产已经成为资本增殖的工具,制造了区域空间等级结构,引起了空间内部的冲突。空间生产在发展中出现了资本逻辑化的趋势,让空间发生了异化,制造了政治权力空间。在伦理价值上,马克思批判了空间剥削和空间非正义现象,要求建立生态的空间生产,实现自由、平等的社会空间。马克思空间生产思想有助于建立和谐的城乡空间,建构人类命运共同体的全球空间。     

蚕儿无力挣脱茧,纵有真爱也枉然

<正>胡适极力主张、推崇新文学,在其骨子里,却又近乎顽固地坚守着一种传统道德,这多少有些自相矛盾,令人费解。这可能就要从他的哲学思想中去寻找答案了。胡适的新文化运动思想纲领中,有"人性自由"的精神指向。所以,当他去拜访康乃尔大学地质     

论《读杜心解》的阐释特色

本文在系统理解中国古代传统阐释观念的基础上,从文学接受和阐释学的角度出发,分析了清代浦起龙《读杜心解》所呈现出的道德、历史和审美三个方面的阐释特色。     

8大家教原则让孩子喜欢你

父母与孩子良好的感情基础是家庭教育成功的前提,所以,做父母的要想方设法让孩子喜欢自己。要做到这一点其实并不是很难,你不妨用“吾日三省吾身”的精神有意识地去尝试以下几个原则。一、关爱原则没有爱就没有教育,关爱孩子是一切家庭教育工作的基础。二、民主原则作父母的要努力营造民主和睦的家庭氛围,把孩子当作家庭中平等的一员来看待,充分重视他们的意见和建议。三、快乐原则要让孩子充分感受到,生活是快乐的,学习是快乐的。不要人为地制造压力,让孩子觉得学习是一种任务或负担。四、兴趣原则父母不要把自己的意志强加给孩子,要尊重孩…     

中西之间：杨昌济的伦理世界及其对西方的认知——以《各种伦理主义之略述及概评》为例

杨昌济的伦理学思想的形成深受中国传统文化特别是湖湘文化的影响,也受西方近代资产阶级自由平等伦理思想的影响。由于受中国传统文化濡染较深,杨昌济从立志、修身、齐家、为学等四个方面对中国传统伦理思想进行了阐释。杨昌济以中学为体,在《各种伦理主义之略述及概评》②一文中对西方伦理学思想进行批判。总体而言,他的伦理思想是建立在民族主义基础之上;中西结合;志趣高雅、客观务实;立足现实,具有承上启下的作用。     

以上海为例看晚清时期社会生活方式及观念的变迁

晚清时期,上海的商业化、城市化生活环境变化,引起了人们生活方式的变动,出现了如洋货流行、从商之风、尊卑失序、女子走上社会、追求享乐等新社会风尚,导致传统伦理衰坏,同时也孕育产生了近代市场意识、近代工商观念、社会平等观念、功利主义及肯定人欲、自由的近代伦理观念。反映出生活方式的变动是引起近代生活伦理观念变迁的中介和启动力量。     

All things go in pairs,or the sharks will bite: the antithetical nature of Fijian chiefship

Via an historical-cum-ethnographic analysis of the history of chiefship in the vanua (country) of Sawaieke, central Fiji, this essay argues against the prevailing view that Fijian social relations are fundamentally hierarchical. Rather social relations in general and chiefship in particular are predicated on complementary and opposing concepts of equality and hierarchy, such that neither can become, in Dumont's terms, ‘an encompassing value’. This radical opposition between equality and hierarchy, Hegelian in form, is fundamental to Fijian dualism, so it pervades Fijian daily life and informs, for example, sexual relations, kinship, chiefship and notions of the person. ‘The household’ is the basic kinship unit and while relations within households are hierarchical, relations across households are those of balanced reciprocal exchange, epitomised in the relation between cross-cousins as equals and affines. The analysis shows that Fijian chiefship — past or present — cannot, as ‘value’, encompass the pervasive antithesis between hierarchy and equality. Rather its efficacy and its continuity require that hierarchy and equality remain in tension with one another as opposing, and equally important, concepts of social relations.     

Human Rights Provisions in the Second Amendment to the Indonesian Constitution from Shar?‘ah Perspective

Abstract: The paper examines provisions of the Second Amendment to the 1945 Indonesian Constitution dealing with equality, women's rights, freedom of religion and freedom of opinion, and then compares the terms of those provisions with similar provisions in the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights, the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights (UIDHR) and the constitutions of several majority Muslim nations. On the basis that, unlike the Cairo Declaration, the UIDHR and the other constitutions, the Indonesian constitutional provisions make no explicit reference to Shar?‘ah or Islam despite the fact that Indonesia is the largest Muslim country in the world, the author concludes that Indonesian political parties who participated in enacting the amendments adhere to a substantive view of the Shar?‘ah.     

Do rural development programmes promote gender equality on farms? The case of Slovenia

The necessity of gender equality in agriculture has been identified as a relevant political issue and incorporated into strategic documents and programmes of the EU. However, until now, not much has been examined about the actual contribution of these policy actions and programmes to the everyday life of farm women; there is a considerable gap in the data about women in farming across Europe, particularly for new member states. The article addresses this issue by focusing on the situation of gender equality on farms in Slovenia. Pertaining to two measures of The Rural Development Programme 2004–2006 – the Setting Up of Young Farmers and the Early Retirement of Farmers – the aim of the analysis is to compare the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of these two measures at family farms in terms of their development capacities and their inclination towards gender equality. Results based on the survey data ‘Generations and Gender Relations on Slovenian Farms 2007’ revealed the above-mentioned measures did indeed reach those family farms that showed better development capacities in terms of economic and demographic conditions. However, the farms did not show significant development in terms of gender equality as examined through division of work and decision-making on family farms. The rigidity in gender statuses and roles on family farms is explained and discussed through the issue of unequal access of women to farmland ownership and agricultural education, and through persistently weak institutional support to increase political participation and power for farm women.     

中西方人格思想差异的文化探析

本文对中西方的人格思想及社会行为方式中的人格意识进行分析,探明两者人格思想差异的文化原因,论证中西方特权意识与平等意识、尚德意识与尚智意识、依附意识与独立意识的人格意识差异存在的历史必然。     

John Stuart Mill’s Political Pessimism

John Stuart Mill devoted much of his life to developing a ‘science of morality’ to enhance the social, moral and intellectual character of individuals and society as a whole. His liberal aspirations included the reform of legal and political institutions according to utilitarian principles and consistent with personal liberty, and the development of a diverse and creative culture. Paradoxically, Mill, the liberal optimist, was also a pessimist about achieving these goals. This article argues that Mill’s pessimism reveals an intellectual depth and forthright political realism about England’s parliamentary democracy and the political and cultural consequences of growing affluence and social equality. Mill’s critiques of liberalism and socialism in their original emergence point the way to explaining why his ideas remain provocative and profoundly illuminating in contemporary debates concerning multiculturalism and human rights.     

Freedom to divorce or protection of marriage? The divorce laws in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden in the early twentieth century

In the period 1909-1927, new laws concerning divorce and marriage were enacted by the Scandinavian countries. Both at the time and more recently, these laws were considered as "liberal" as they promoted greater freedom to divorce based on individuality and gender equality. In this article, the authors first analyze the changes in these Family laws in the early twentieth century. Then, the authors study the effect of these laws on divorce and marriage patterns. As these laws did not modify the trend in divorce rates, the authors ask why this was the case. The authors' conclusions are that the laws were more concerned with preserving the sanctity of marriage and maintaining social order than with promoting individual freedom and gender equality.     

Capitalism and the Fall of Market Morality: How Piketty,Sandel, and the Skidelskys Vindicate R. H. Tawney's Economic Ethic

This article reappraises the thought of the British economic historian, writer on political economy, Christian socialist, and great intellectual of the Labour Party, R. H. Tawney on market morality. It extracts and synthesizes moral insights from Tawney's two most influential books Religion and the Rise of Capitalism and Equality in order to present his economic ethic, its political implications, and Christian theological roots. Tawney's ethic, which holds that market morality, social ethics, and politics are inseparably linked, is then evaluated in the light of contemporary economists and philosophers, including Thomas Piketty, Michael Sandel, Robert and Edward Skidelsky, and Harry Frankfurt. Tawney's ideas are found to be insightful and useful, particularly in linking unrestrained capitalism with inequality, exploring capitalism's opposition to market morality, finding synergies between theological and secular humanist critiques of capitalism, and in addressing criticisms of the moral significance of equality itself.