THE OPTIMAL LOCATIONS OF MULTIPLE BRIDGES,CONNECTING FACILITIES,OR PRODUCT VARIETIES*

ABSTRACT This paper considers the optimal locations of two or more facilities, and the optimal number of facilities, when trips are made in pairs. The results are the same as standard models of spatial competition when there is perfect matching, but not when there is random matching. The first interpretation is bridges across a river, with residential locations on one side matched perfectly or randomly to jobs on the other side. The second interpretation is connecting facilities, such as tennis courts or restaurants where pairs of consumers meet. The third interpretation is product differentiation, with husbands and wives jointly choosing from among varieties.     

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY UNCERTAINTY AND THE OPTIMAL LOCATION OF THE FIRM*

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the implication of production-technology uncertainty for the exclusion theorem. The paper presents the result that the risk-averse firm facing production technology uncertainty prefers an intermediate location to avoid risk under certain conditions. The firm chooses an intermediate location (over a corner location) particularly if its degree of risk aversion overwhelms the inherent convexity of profit with respect to location. The latter depends, in turn, on the structure of production technology characterized by the elasticity of substitution and returns to scale parameters.     

LOCATION OF PUBLIC FACILITIES WITH SPILLOVER EFFECTS: VARIABLE LOCATION AND PARAMETRIC SCALE*

ABSTRACT This paper studies the location of public facilities of two neighboring local governments which consider not only the influence of the land market but also the spillover effects that each jurisdiction may have on the other. We obtain the following results: (1) in most cases, one of the cities behaves as an isolated city in choosing the facility location while the other enjoys the spillover effect as a free rider; (2) we also find that the equilibrium location in the two noncooperative city case is not socially optimal except for a special case.     

COMPETITIVE FACILITIES: MARKET SHARE AND LOCATION WITH RANDOM UTILITY*

ABSTRACT. A new approach is proposed for calculating the expected market share. It is assumed that consumers patronize a facility according to a utility function, selecting the facility with the highest utility value. However, consumers'ratings of the utility components are stochastic by some random distribution. Therefore, the buying power of customers located at the same point is divided among several facilities. A probability that a consumer patronizes a certain facility can be calculated. Consequently, the expected market share by competing facilities can be estimated. This calculation is more than 1,000 times faster than repeating a simulation enough times to achieve a reasonable accuracy. The distance decay calculated using the new approach is approximately exponential. A procedure for finding the optimal location anywhere in the plane for a new facility that maximizes the market share is also introduced.     

THE OPTIMAL CONVERGENCE OF REGIONAL INCOMES*

For many policy considerations it is assumed that the convergence of regional mean income will improve national equity by reducing overall inequality. The literature on decomposability of social welfare functions implies that this assumption is unwarranted. This paper develops a notion of optimal regional convergence. In general, the point of optimal convergence depends on the shapes of the regional income distributions, the inequality index used, and the rule for distributing interregional transfers. These concepts are illustrated with data on the regional income distributions of the Southern and Northern United States.     

OPTIMUM LOCATION OF PUBLIC FACILITIES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE LAND MARKET*

ABSTRACT. This paper discusses the problem of the optimal location of public facility(ies) in a long narrow city, especially taking into consideration the externality-internalizing effect of the land market. It shows a systematic approach to dealing with the land market mechanism in first a one-facility and then a two-facility case. The analysis assures the importance of posing the location-optimizing problem even under the influence of the land market.     

民国时期中国银行天津地名券的发行与流通

一、引言1 91 2年中华民国成立后 ,临时大总统孙中山批准将大清银行改为中国银行。同年2月 5日中国银行上海分行开业 ,8月 1日中国银行总行开业 ,1 0月 1 1日中国银行天津分行开业。总行和各地分行均使用原大清银行旧址。中国银行成立伊始 ,为应急需 ,将大清银行印制 (美国钞票公司承制 )好的尚未签字发行的李鸿章像兑换券 1元、 5元、 1 0元三种加印中国银行行名与北京、上海、天津、汉口、河南、东三省、直隶、山东等地名 ,加上图章和签字 ,采用十足准备金 ,加以发行。由此拉开了中国银行发行纸币的序幕。从 1 91 2年 1 0月至 1 939年 8月…     

HISTORICAL PRESERVATION AND IDENTITY: THE ALAMO AND THE PRODUCTION OF A CONSUMER LANDSCAPE

Historical preservation often reveals more about contemporary culture than about history. The Alamo in San Antonio, Texas, is just such a case. No other large US city is so dominated by a single historical event, and the Alamo plays a central role as a cultural icon for regional Anglo identity, a symbol of the Anglo-dominated social hierarchy. Its preservation and restoration have coincided with modern identity formation contextualized by commodities. Thus, a critical part of this project is the development of a consumer landscape as an economic extension of the Alamo that promotes consumption by harmonizing with prevailing Anglo conceptions of ethnic identities; not simply a strategically located commercial zone, but an integral part of the pilgrimage to the monument, providing a mechanism for socialization, including "racialization", contextualized by commodities.     

MEDIAN,MEAN, AND OPTIMUM AS FACILITY LOCATIONS*

ABSTRACT The mean and the median are both measures of centrality. In one dimension, the median minimizes the average absolute distance from a facility to a set of customers {x_i}, and the mean minimizes the average squared distance. In two dimensions, the median minimizes the average rectangular distance, and the mean minimizes the average squared distance. This paper investigates the “location penalty” when a nonoptimal location is substituted for the optimal location. In one dimension, the average absolute distance at the mean is never more than twice the average absolute distance at the median. Surprisingly, this happens when the median and mean are close together. In two dimensions, the ratio of the average Euclidean distance at the median to the average Euclidean distance at the optimum is never more than . However, this upper bound depends on an unlikely scenario with just two customers. With three equal-sized customers, this ratio is never more than 1.12. However, if the triangle formed by the customers is rotated relative to the rectangular grid, the ratio never exceeds 1.028.     

THE OPTIMAL PROVISION OF A CENTRAL PARK IN A CITY*

In this paper, I examine the conditions and decision rules pertaining to the efficient provision of a central park in a city (provision that must satisfy the Samuelson condition). An interesting finding is that an additional opportunity cost that results from competition with residential use must be included to determine the efficient size of a central park. An efficient central park is larger in a city with public landownership than in a city with absentee landownership. Profit maximization and population maximization can be used as decision rules to determine the efficient provision of a central park in both an open city with absentee landownership and one with public landownership. The net benefit of a central park in a closed city with absentee landownership is reflected not only in the land rent or profit, but also in the utility level, while that of a closed city with public landownership is fully reflected in the utility level. It is not feasible to determine the efficient size of a central park for a closed city with either absentee or public landownership solely based on observable market information.     

SUPPLY ARMS AND OPTIMAL SPATIAL STRUCTURE*

ABSTRACT. A multi-plant producer has sole access to a region, and each of the plants processes a raw material which is drawn from its own exclusive supply area. Under these conditions what spatial structure of production (in terms of plant scale, plant frequency, supply-area size and supply-area shape) will enable region-wide or multi-plant profit to be maximized? The form of this optimal structure is shown to vary with prevailing level of price, which is exogenously determined.     

2002年我国发行的贵金属纪念币一览表

┏━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━┳━━━━┳━━━━┳━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━┓┃序 ┃ 项目名称 ┃形状/质量/材质 ┃ 正面图案 ┃ 背面图案 ┃ 含金 ┃ 直径 ┃面额 ┃成色 ┃发行量 ┃ ┃ 发行 ┃┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃或规格 ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ 铸造厂家 ┃ ┃┃号 ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃(银)量 ┃ ┃(元) ┃(%) ┃(枚) ┃ ┃ 时间 ┃┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃(mm) ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃┣━━━━╋━━━┳━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━╋━━━…