Constructing Community Through Refuse Disposal

Unlike archaeologists working in Europe, Southwest Asia, and North America, Africanists have been slow to explore links between culturally structured, everyday practices, and refuse disposal, remaining inclined to view all “midden” accumulations as undifferentiated deposits. However, African ethnographic cases and archaeological researches elsewhere demonstrate that such accumulations can be highly selective and culturally structured compositions. This paper reviews examples that have shown cultural structure in the disposition of spent items. It then explores African ethnographic and archaeological cases, one from Niger and three from East Africa, in which handling of culinary artifacts and products may reveal links between household and community through habitual acts of refuse placement.     

“剩余品”时代美国的对外粮食援助政策

内容自20世纪20年代起,农产品过剩问题一直困扰着美国。二战后初期,这一问题危及美国的农业安全。为处理剩余粮食,美国制定了《1954年农产品贸易开发与援助法》,即480公法,以无偿与有偿援助等方式对外提供粮食,从而开启了制度化的对外粮食援助计划。50年代末,美国将该计划命名为“以粮食换和平”计划,以突出利用粮食援助拉拢第三世界国家、遏制共产主义的功能。处理剩余农产品和为冷战遏制战略服务,成为这一时期美国对外粮食援助政策的两大目标。     

The European Union as an Ethical Community and What This Means for Spatial Planning

The European Union has adopted in its official publications a number of ethical values which can be identified and made explicit: they are values which concern the material content of policies and values of human rights. Although the relationship between those values and practice is not always direct, it can legitimately be expected that the values influence the content of the EU's spatial policy. With the extension of the EU policy to include territorial cohesion, the core values have been given an explicitly spatial dimension. Nor can the member states ignore those values, because formal legislation of the EU works through into the practice of those states: that increases the significance of EU values for the spatial planning of the member states. For those reasons, planners should know what those values are and how they can influence spatial planning.     

The Disposal of the Dead in Australia

PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. By T. M. WILLIAMS. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1922. $5.00 net. Reviewed by R. R Marett.

DANMARKS TRYLLEFORMLER. Ved F. OHRT. Vol. I. Indlsdning og Text. Copenhagen &; Christiania: Gyldendalske Boghandel, 1917. Pp. 516. Reviewed by W.A. Craigie.

JOHANNES PAULI, SCHIMPF UND ERNST, herausgegeben von JOHANNES BOLTE. Erster Teil. Berlin: Herbert Stubenrauch Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1924. Pp. 30 + 418. Reviewed by M. Gaster.

THE HISTORY OF THE YORUBAS FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE BEGINNING OF THE BRITISH PROTECTORATE. By REV. SAMUEL JOHNSON, Ed. by Dr. O. JOHNSON. George Routledge &; Sons, 1921. 8vo. Pp. 684. Reviewed by E. Sidney Hartland.

SPECIMENS OF BANTU FOLK-LORE FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. By J. TORREND, S.J. Pp. 187. ios. 6d. net. Reviewed by E. Sidney Hartland.

ARAB MEDICINE AND SURGERY : A STUDY OF THE HEALING ART IN ALGERIA. By M. W. HILTON-SIMPSON, B.Sc. Ill. Oxford Univ. Press, 1922. Pp. 96. Reviewed by A. R. Wright.

THE CHILDREN OF THE SUN : A STUDY IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION. By W. J. PERRY, M.A. Methuen &; Co. 1923, 16 maps. Pp. xvi, 551. 18s. net. Reviewed by E. N. Fallaize.

THE ORIGIN OF MAGIC AND RELIGION. By W. J. PERRY, M.A. Methuen &; Co., 1923. Pp. viii, 212. 6s. net. Reviewed by E. N. Fallaize.

STUDIES IN RELIGION, FOLK-LORE, AND CUSTOM IN BRITISH NORTH BORNEO AND THE MALAY PENINSULA. By IVOR H. N. EVANS, M.A. Cambridge University Press, 1923. Pp. vii + 296. 20s. n. Reviewed by H. A. Rose.     

Anti‐racist Practice and the Work of Community Food Organizations

Whiteness enables the coherence of an alliance organized to promote community food security and sustainable farming. This unnamed presence shapes a discourse identifying the focus of struggle as well as resource allocation, conference form and content, list serv discussions, staffing and programming. Unacknowledged white privilege gives the lie to the movement's rhetoric of justice, good intentions and sustainability. And yet it is clear that racism is an organizing process in the food system: people of color disproportionately experience food insecurity, lose their farms and face the dangerous work of food processing and agricultural labor. Critical analyses of social movements argue that a failure to confront difference undermines progressive change efforts. The paper provides evidence of how the community food movement reproduces white privilege and proposes ways it might engage with anti‐racism.     

The European Union as a Gated Community: The Two‐faced Border and Immigration Regime of the EU

Abstract: Within the European Union, an internal liberalisation of cross‐border labour mobility for EU citizens is currently being combined with the tightening of control and management efforts at the external borders. At the same time, attempts are being made to strategically select immigrants from new member states as well as from outside the EU who will be of economic value. In this paper we argue that by implementing such protectionist and selective immigration policy, the EU has come to resemble a gated community in which the bio‐political control and management of immigration is, to a large extent, the product of fear. Often fear manifests itself in terms of fear of losing material gain, eg the anxiety of losing economic welfare or public security. More often, however, this fear relates to the entrance of the immigrant, the stranger and is, as such, associated with a fear of losing a community's self‐defined identity. These perceived threats to a community's comfort lead to the politicisation of protection, whereby the terra incognita beyond the border is justifiably neglected due to the indifference and the intentional blindness shown to the outside. Hiding in a gated community in order to protect this comfort zone and trying to exclude outsiders, ‘Others’, from the community, is not only in vain since the desire for completion of the Self can never be fulfilled, but what remains still more troublesome, is that this tendency will sustain and reproduce global inequality and segregation, both in the material as well as symbolic sense.     

Food Inflation in the European Union: Distribution Analysis and Spatial Effects

In the European Union (EU), homogenous inflation forces are expected to prevail because of increased economic integration, especially after the creation of a single currency area. This expectation is directly related to the issue of inflation convergence, which has gained increasing attention by both academics and policy makers in Europe. Although the examination of core inflation is of great importance for macroeconomic policy, the role of disaggregate inflation indices, and especially food inflation, has also been emphasized in the literature. However, the issue of food inflation convergence has been largely ignored to date in empirical studies. This study explores the evolving distribution of food inflation rates in the EU‐25 member states using distribution dynamics analysis and covering the period from January 1997 to March 2011. This analysis assumes that each country represents an independent observation, providing unique information that can be used to estimate the transition dynamics of inflation. We show that spatial autocorrelation prevails inside the EU‐25, and, therefore, the independency assumption is violated. To ensure spatial independence, the Getis spatial filter is implemented prior to a distribution dynamics analysis. The results of this analysis confirm the existence of convergence trends, which are even clearer after the spatial filtering procedure, indicating, on the one hand, the influence of spatial effects on food inflation and, on the other hand, the effectiveness of the Getis spatial filtering technique. En la Unión Europea (UE), se espera que las fuerzas de inflación homogéneas prevalezcan debido a la mayor integración económica, sobre todo después de la creación de la zona de moneda única. Esta expectativa se relaciona directamente con el tema de la convergencia de la inflación, que ha ganado cada vez más atención por parte de los investigadores académicos y los decisores políticos europeos. Aunque el análisis de la inflación subyacente es de gran importancia para la política macroeconómica, el papel de los índices de inflación a niveles desagregados, sobre todo en el caso de la inflación de alimentos, ha sido un tema enfatizado por la literatura especializada. Sin embargo, la cuestión de la convergencia de la inflación de alimentos carece hasta la fecha de estudios empíricos. El artículo presente estudia la evolución de la distribución de las tasas de inflación de alimentos en los estados miembros de la UE‐25, utilizando el método de análisis de la dinámica de distribución (distribution dynamic analysis) y abarca el período comprendido entre enero de 1997 a marzo de 2011. Este análisis supone que cada país representa una observación independiente que proporciona información única que se puede utilizada para estimar la dinámica de transición inflacionaria. El presente estudio demuestra que la autocorrelación espacial prevalece dentro de los estados UE‐ 25, y por lo tanto la hipótesis de independencia estadística de las observaciones es violada. Para garantizar la independencia espacial, el método de filtrado espacial Getis (Getis Spatial Filter) es implementado antes de proceder con el análisis de la dinámica de distribución. Los resultados del análisis confirman la existencia de las tendencias de convergencia, que son aún más claras después de la aplicación del filtrado espacial. Estos resultados evidencian por un lado, la influencia de los efectos espaciales en la inflación de alimentos, y por otro lado, la eficacia de la técnica de filtrado espacial de Getis. 在欧盟中,由于区域经济一体化进程的推进,同质商品的通货膨胀盛行,特别是单一货币区域建立后,该趋势更为明显。这种演化态势和通货膨胀的收敛问题直接相关,已经引起了欧洲学术界和政策制定者的关注。虽然核心通胀的检测对宏观经济政策十分重要,但是分解通胀指数的作用,尤其是本文所强调的食品通胀也有文献中提及。然而,食品通胀的收敛问题却在实证研究中很大程度上被忽视。本文利用分布动力学方法对欧盟25国1997年1月至2011年3月的食品通胀率的演化分布进行分析。假设每个国家代表一个独立的观察个体并提供唯一的信息,可用于估计通胀的转变动态,研究发现空间自相关在欧盟25国中普遍存在,因此独立假设不成立。为了保证空间独立性,在进行分布动力学分析之前,先使用Getis空间滤波技术进行处理。分析结果证实了收敛趋势的存在,且该趋势在空间滤波程序处理后更为明显。它一方面显示出食品通胀空间效应的影响,另一方面表现出Getis空间滤波技术的有效性。     

The Labour government and the battle for public opinion in the 1975 referendum on the European Community

An upsurge of historical research in this century has assessed various campaigns that promoted European Community (EC) membership to the British people. This article, concentrating on the Labour government’s approach to the 1975 referendum on the EC, uses sources such as official records at The National Archives and political papers of some of the key agents; these sources have hitherto been underused for investigating public opinion-related activities on Europe in 1975. Although acknowledging that the interpretation of a government-controlled referendum applies up to a point, the article emphasises, as its key theme, the government’s difficulties in controlling events during the campaign itself. Despite having much support from newspapers, the government often had difficult relations with the mass media as a whole, and the article challenges the belief that it was effective here. This article also contests the idea that the campaign made much impression on the public. These findings further apply to other campaigns on the EC in the 1960s and 1970s and potentially in contemporary British politics.     

Macmillan,Nkrumah and the 1961 Application for European Economic Community Membership

The views held by African Commonwealth leaders are absent from the historiography of the Britain's first EEC application, despite their value for understanding why the Macmillan government experienced such difficulty in reorienting its foreign policy towards Europe. Between July 1961, when Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah established his opposition to the application, and January 1963, when it was vetoed by French President Charles de Gaulle, the Anglo-Ghanaian relationship was characterized by tension and acrimony. This article seeks to understand the impact of Nkrumah's objections to the application and Macmillan's reaction to Nkrumah's concerns. Though the Ghanaian President alone did not alter the course of Britain's approach to the Community, he did add to the tense atmosphere in which London considered how to approach the Commonwealth. Furthermore, Macmillan's efforts to maintain a positive relationship with Nkrumah, in the context of the Cold War, demonstrate the reluctance with which the prime minister loosened ties with the Commonwealth.     

Radical Urban Horticulture for Food Autonomy: Beyond the Community Gardens Experience

For those who are interested in radical changes, it is important to analyze the forms of resistance that promote self‐managed practices, also at apparently very small scale. In Italy the experience of “community gardens” is usually named “orti urbani”. In the last 10 years, the occupation of abandoned urban spaces to set up orti urbani has increased within the squatting movement. The case of the city of Rome is interesting because there has been a widespread activity to organize self‐managed spaces to grow fruit and vegetable plants. These initiatives make up not only potential spaces of dense social networking, political action and discussion on environmental issues, but also supporting large food autonomous configurations such as Genuino Clandestino, that are challenging dominant food production. A proliferation of orti urbani located in Social Centers, squatted houses or other abandoned spaces represents a scalar strategy to re‐appropriate and commune urban space.     

The Concept of Community

G. Reichel‐Dolmatoff. Beyond the Milky Way: Hallucinatory Imagery of the Tukano Indians. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978. x + 159 pp. Index, illustrations. $25.00, cloth.

Richard Evans Schultes and Albert Hofmann. Plants of the Gods: Origins of Hallucinogenic Use. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1979.192 pp. Index, illustrations. $34.95, cloth.

R. Gordon Wasson. The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1980. xxvi + 248 pp. Index, illustrations. $12.95, paper.     

Linkage Politics: the Role of the European Community in Greek Politics in 1973

Abstract

The convulsions which began to shake the Greek military regime with the first student protests at the end of 1972 and which reached their climax in 1973 with the uprising at the Polytechnic in November, have been exhaustively analysed and discussed. However, they have always been viewed either through the prism of internal political developments or in the light of events in Cyprus. The international context remains largely unexplored.