文化差异对于英汉习语翻译的影响

习语是一种语言在使用过程中所形成的独特的固定的表达方式。习语是语言的精华,也是一个民族文化与智慧的结晶。由于受不同文化的影响,英汉习语中包含着不同的民族文化特色与文化信息。不同的生存环境,风俗习惯,物质文化以及宗教信仰等都是造成英汉习语翻译中的文化差异的不可忽视的因素。因此,英汉习语的翻译不应该仅仅是两种语言的形式上的简单转换,更应该是文化的交流。     

英汉语言文化差异浅探——以中等学校英汉语教科书中语料为例

本文以高中英语教科书以及语文教科书中的语句为例,对英汉两种语言进行对比分析,并从文化、哲学角度挖掘造成两种语言差异的原因。     

英汉词语文化的差异

词语文化是语言的一个重要组成部分,英汉两个民族有着极其丰富的文化底蕴,从而使英汉词语文化表现出不同的民族形式。本文从习语、典故、比喻和委婉语四个方面用大量实例说明英汉词语文化的差异。     

英汉互译中因文化差异而导致的翻译不完全对等现象

英汉两种语言是不同民族悠久历史文化的结晶,因而在我们与西方的交往过程中,确实有很多文化方面的冲突。在具体的翻译过程中应充分认识到翻译不完全对等现象的存在,并通过文化转换,求同存异,寻找一种动态的平衡,既保留源语的文化特色和内涵,又符合英汉各民族的语言习惯,使译文读者得到与原文读者相同或最相似的感受。     

小议英汉习语的文化比较及翻译

英国和中国历史、文化、习俗、传统以及地理位置等等的不同,导致了英语习语与汉语习语在许多方面都存在着差异。本文将从生存环境、思维方法和风俗习惯几个方面对英汉两种语言的习语进行比较,并探讨英汉习语翻译的原则和方法。     

英汉互译中的缩句译法

英语和汉语分别属于不同的语系。由于两族人民在思维模式,历史背景以及文化习俗上的不同,英汉两种语言的表达习惯存在巨大差异。文章从分析英汉两种语言表达习惯的差异及奈达的"功能对等"理论入手,讨论了应用缩句译法的理论出发点,并结合实例对缩句译法加以归纳总结。     

颜色词的文化内涵差异及产生的原因

我们时时刻刻都在与颜色打交道,中西文化中表示各种颜色的词汇体现了英汉两种文化中不同的民族文化特征,都被赋予不同的情感,而颜色的象征意义在不同语言中往往有不同的特点。只有了解英汉文化的背景知识,真正掌握表示颜色的词汇在两种语言中的深层涵义,才能进行更有效、更顺利的交际。     

英汉委婉语对比研究

委婉语是语言中不可或缺的一部分,它象征着社会的文明与时代性,折射出当时的社会背景文化。本文研究了英汉两种语言在表达失业、低微职业、年老和死亡四个方面使用委婉语的差异之处,分析这些委婉语产生的文化因素,旨在促进中西方的跨文化交流。     

跨文化对电影翻译的影响

英汉之间存在着不同的文化和习惯,人们的生活方式、思维模式、价值观念、语言习惯等都有很大的差别,许多日常行为在两种语言的交际活动中也存在明显的文化差异。电影融合了多种艺术手段,能传播信息,抒发感情,反映丰富多彩的生活,它的翻译也是属于典型的跨文化交际活动,受文化差异的制约。因此本文从跨文化角度对电影片名和字幕的翻译进行研究,根据具体情况阐述了其翻译既要忠实于原片内容,又要符合语言文化差异特征。     

英汉语中“牛”的文化内涵与翻译

正确理解和翻译"牛"的习惯表达,有助于中英文化交流以及了解英汉语背后的社会历史文化背景、所崇拜的动物形象、宗教信仰、表达思想感情的方式。对英汉两种语言中"牛"的文化涵义进行对比分析,以期找出其各自文化特征。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.