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水土保持生态补偿可分为两种类型 : 一是对水土保持生态建设区域及参与者提供的生态补偿,二是由生态环境破坏者提供由其破坏活动产生的生态损失的补偿。补偿形式有财政转移支付和生态补偿金两种。补偿标准:对于第二种类型,可按林草植被和水土保持设施实际破坏的面积或实际恢复费用缴纳。(1)损坏林草的,按损坏面积每平方米 0.5 ~ 1.0 元的标准征收(2)损坏水土保持设施的,按照被损坏设施的实施价值予以补偿。宜以面积 ( 如梯田、水平阶、淤地坝等 ) 计算的,按损坏面积每平方米 1 ~ 1.4 元的标准征收。(3)损坏水土保持设施和林草措施综合配套面积的,按损坏面积每平方米 1.4元的标准征收。 相似文献
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桓仁位于辽宁东部山区,始建于清光绪三年(1877年)。总面积532万亩,其中山林面积412万亩,耕地30万亩,俗称“八山一水一分田”。全县行政区划为18个乡镇,149个村。总人口304251人,其中农村人口235320人。境内有十个民族,其中汉族154522人,占总人口的50.8%,满族143312人,占总人口的47.1%,朝鲜族7715人,占总人口的2.5%。 桓仁自然资源十分丰富。全县有林地面积316万亩,森林复被率为59.4%,蓄积量达1353万立方米,是全省九个重点林业县之一;野生经济植物13类,1200余种;水利资源十分丰富,水能总蕴藏量50万千瓦,其中县可利用12.5万千瓦;矿产资源种类繁多,已探明的有九大类,三十余种;全县雨量充沛,土壤肥沃,宜于农耕,适合发展多种经营。桓仁山青水秀,风景宜人,有五女山和浑江、回龙两座水库,还有“老秃顶”自然保护区。 相似文献
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广东“七山一水两分田”,全省现有51个山区县,面积11.7万平方公里,其中31个县被列为贫困县,面积7.8万平方公里,占全省的44%。长期以来,由于地理、历史、社会等多方面的原因,广东经济发展极不平衡,山区与珠三角沿海地区形成明显的贫富差距。广东省委、省政府对此极为重视,多次指出,“山区不富,全省难富”,并采取一系列重大措施,推动山区进行开发建设,加快山区脱贫致富的步伐,缩小与珠江三角洲地区的差距。[第一段] 相似文献
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《Journal of Historical Geography》2005,31(3):390-408
We analyse the consequences of traditional use on forest characteristics during the last millennium in a mountain area of Spanish Central System, using information contained in documents, as well as cartography and toponymy. In the Middle Ages the local forests were transformed into municipal dehesas (communal fenced woods), communal wood pastures and arable lands. Pinewoods located in areas above 1500 m decreased because of the high grazing pressure. In the fifteenth century two manors were created (Buitrago and Montesclaros). Livestock became an important factor during this period. As a consequence an open wood was formed and oak coppices were also abundant (the felling of this species was at that time permitted by the Ordinances). At the end of the period of traditional management, pinewoods were disappearing and the main forest areas were located only in municipal dehesas. The area of beech was reduced in favour of melojo oak and scrub, due to the lower sprouting capacity of the beeches and their lower drought tolerance. Open wood pastures remain only in the eastern part of the study area, where there has been less intense human intervention. After the abolition of manors in the nineteenth century, arable land increased in the western part of the area, which had a higher population density. In the twentieth century, both human and livestock pressure decreased substantially and pine species were reintroduced by reforestation. The primitive savannah was transformed into ‘infilled savannah’, while temperate species spread around their refuges in municipal woods. 相似文献
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明代,丽江纳西族木氏土司在承传东巴文化和民间文化的同时,积极学习和运用汉文化,取得了优异的创作成果,先后有十余部诗文集问世,得到省内外文化界知名人士的好评.不仅使纳西族文化在纵向延伸与横向的发展中得到丰富拓展,开创了纳西族文人文化的先河;也使纳西文化渐为中原所知.<明史·云南土司传>称"云南诸土官,知书好礼守义,以丽江木氏为首."本文对这些诗文集逐一提要介绍. 相似文献
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渊源于新疆方志修撰的清代西北史地研究,在嘉庆末年至道光初年即表现出面向现实的特点。其中,龚自珍、魏源等人关注清政府西北统治政策的得当与否,而徐松等人则重在讲求西北山川形势的真实客观。道光中期以后,随着徐松等人在这一研究中的持续努力,西北史地研究转向对蒙元史及传统史志的研究,表现出由“言今”向“证古”的转变。 相似文献
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徐晓望 《中国历史地理论丛》2000,(3):55-73
福建原是南方蛮荒地带 ,境内覆盖着漫山遍野的亚热带雨林。明清时期 ,随着商品经济的发展 ,开矿、种植玉米、茶叶等山地作物 ,以及对燃料的需要 ,造成福建地区森林的大面积采伐 ;但古代闽人早已认识到山林资源对经济发展的重要性 ,他们以种竹、种杉等经济活动 ,抵消了山林资源的消耗。他们并以“风水”为理由 ,保护了大片原始森林。然而 ,迄至清末民国时期 ,社会的无序化 ,造成对森林采伐的无序化 ,于是 ,福建的森林资源遭受到极大的破坏 ,经济发展也受到遏制。这种状况 ,迄今没有重大改观 相似文献
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天水放马滩1号秦墓出土的年代为战国时期的木板地图,可以提供重要的历史文化信息,对于中国古代地图史、测量学史和地理学研究的进步各有重要意义,从中我们也可以发现反映生态环境面貌的内容。放马滩地图突出显示"材"及其"大"中"小"以及是否已"刊"等,都应理解为林业史料。有关秦人先祖"养育草木"的历史记忆,说明林业在秦早期经济形式中也曾经具有相当重要的地位。关于某种"材"运程若干"里",以及如何"道最"等与运输方式有关的信息,乃至"闭"的设置等,均体现林区交通开发的记录和导引的图示。 相似文献
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抗日战争时期,特殊的政治经济环境吸引了近30万移民到达陕甘宁边区,边区政府为妥善安置移民,制定了一系列方针政策,做了大量的救济和安置工作,事实证明,边区对移民的安置是有效的,移民给边区带来了较好的政治影响、经济效益和社会效益,但移民无计划地开荒对环境造成了一定的破坏。本文运用文献考证和野外考察相结合的研究方法,对抗战时期边区移民的源流及成因进行了阐述,并对边区政府移民的安置区域与移民效果进行了研究分析,以期为今后移民工作提供借鉴。 相似文献
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朱熹的《资治通鉴纲目》产生以后,不仅形成了一种新史体--纲目体,而且到明代又催生出纲鉴热,为史学走向社会、走向通俗化无形中走出了一条道路.然而长期以来,史学界对此却一直不加理会,本文拟就这些方面作些初步探索,以期引起人们的注意. 相似文献
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周书灿 《中国历史地理论丛》2005,20(2):126-134
长期以来,学术界对《穆天子传》中“启居黄台之丘”的解释分歧较大。从启的活动地域及《穆传》东巡路线综合考察,似可判定“启居黄台之丘”有可能就在文献记载的钧台,即今河南禹州一带。20世纪以来长期流行的黄台之丘在今河南新郑、新密之间的说法,缺乏较为可靠的文献和考古学依据,“启居黄台之丘”与洧水流域新砦遗址及古城寨龙山时代城址并不相涉。 相似文献
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Ali İhsan Kadioğullari Sedat Keleş Emin Zeki Başkent Alkan Günlü 《Scottish Geographical Journal》2013,129(4):259-273
Abstract Monitoring and understanding of land use/forest cover dynamics as well as the factors affecting the changes in land use/forest cover are necessary for the sustainable management of natural resources. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal changes in land use and forest cover patterns in a typical mountain forest area in the Torul State Forest Enterprise area of Northeastern Turkey. The investigation evaluates the temporal changes of the spatial structure of forest conditions through the spatial analysis of forest-cover type maps from 1984 and 2005 using GIS and FRAGSTATS. The evidence presented here showed that there were drastic changes in the temporal and spatial dynamics of land use/forest cover, and between 1984 and 2005 there was a net increase of 19.9% in total forested area. Productive forest area increased by 3161 ha, although degraded forest area increased 9216 ha. In examining the changes of crown closure and development stages of the forest ecosystem during the study period, the forest stand area with low crown closures increased. The regenerated area increased because of regeneration activities while the other development stages were left to grow to older development stages in the period. These results regarding the crown closure and development stage show that forest quality has increased, and this is partly due to emigration of the rural population in Torul. In terms of spatial configuration, the landscape structure in Torul, the State Forest Enterprise area, changed substantially over the 21-year study period, resulting in fragmentation of the landscape as indicated by large patch numbers and smaller mean patch sizes, owing to heavy timber subtraction, illegal cutting, and uncontrolled stand treatments. 相似文献