北齐墓葬文化格局论

随着北魏的分裂,北朝墓葬文化格局再次发生变化,奠定了此后隋唐文化的发展趋势,其中东魏-北齐所起的作用更显重要。东魏都城邺城的墓葬形制和随葬品种类与组合延续着北魏末期洛阳地区的基本特征,墓葬壁画则突破北魏中、晚期墓葬所遵循的"晋制"的束缚,开创了新的范式。不过,都城地区的文化辐射强度偏弱。至北齐时期,新的墓葬文化格局趋于定型。北齐霸府晋阳与都城邺城形成"双核"体制,呈现出一体两面、文武兼备的互动关系,都城地区墓葬文化的影响力明显增强。但是,北齐东方地区的汉人士族墓葬在文化上存在着较多与邺城、晋阳不一致的异动,尤以青齐地区最突出。北齐灭亡后,其文化残局从正、负两个方面深刻影响了隋唐社会制度与历史走向。     

晋代墓葬制度与两晋变迁

晋制是继周制、汉制之后,中国古代墓葬制度发展演变的重要内容,考古学意义上的晋制与晋礼的制定关系密切,晋礼制定、施行的过程反映了汉魏晋社会的变迁。洛阳是西晋的都城,都城洛阳晋墓中的洛阳因素代表的墓葬制度内涵应该与西晋制订推行的新礼有关,洛阳因素反映的墓葬制度即为继汉制之后的晋制。东晋时期在都城建康地区逐渐形成建康因素,洛阳因素与建康因素是两晋时期墓葬制度的主要文化内涵。     

大同近年发现的几件北魏石础

山西大同即北魏平城,是北魏前期都城所在,从公元398年到494年的近百年间,它一直是北魏政治、经济和文化的中心,多次发现北魏时期的重要建筑遗址和墓葬。近年来大同市博物馆新入藏了数件雕制精美的     

殷墟宫殿宗庙基址研究的新突破——读杜金鹏《殷墟宫殿区建筑基址研究》

自1928年开始的河南安阳殷墟的科学发掘工作,至今八十多年来取得了辉煌的成就①。殷墟科学发掘工作不仅为我们再现了以小屯村北、洹河以南的54座宫殿宗庙基址和洹河北岸侯家庄的14座殷王室陵墓为核心殷晚商都城标志性遗迹,而且在以洹水和大濠沟为保护性措施的宫殿宗庙区以外,又发现不少贵族、平民居住遗址和墓葬,特别是殷人聚族而居的族墓地,在后岗和殷墟西区等地不断发现。而手工业作坊遗址,诸如铸铜、制骨、制玉、制陶等作坊,也多有发现。而在殷墟王陵区又有成片的祭祀场,在乙七基址前和丙组基址上及附近、54号基址附近也有祭祀祖先和社坛的遗迹。如此等等,八十多年来的殷墟发掘,已初步查明殷墟遗址的范围是"东西6公里,南北5公里,总面积近30平方公里"②。昔日的殷墟,乃商代晚期都城,是商王朝政治、经济和文化的中心。而殷墟文化,代表了殷商文化的最高水平。八十多年来殷墟的考古发现和研究,取得了丰硕的成果,1994年科学出版社出版的《殷墟的发现与研究》和2003年中国社会科学出版社出版的《中国考古学》(夏商卷)第六章商代晚期的商文化和第七章商代的经济、技术、文字和艺术,及2006年刘一曼《殷墟考古38年》(《中国文化遗产》总第13期)等专著和总结性文章作了全面总结。由于学者们"对都邑考古的主要任务重视不够",特别是"对宫殿考古在都邑考古中的作用认识不足",因而在殷墟都城文化的研究中,存在"重文物遗迹,重墓葬轻建筑,反映了人们在学术理念上的偏差",因而出现了长期以来,对殷墟都邑的核心———宫殿宗庙遗址"缺乏系统而深入的研究"③的局面。而2010年科学出版社出版的杜金鹏著《殷墟宫殿区建筑基址研究》,就是八十多年来第一部系统研究殷墟宫殿建筑基址的开创性著作,从而把考古学者、历史学者引出殷墟的迷宫,科学地再现了昔日殷都宫室宗庙的巍峨与辉煌。这部著作不仅把殷墟宫殿区建筑基址的研究提升到一个全新的阶段,而且抢救和复原了一批重要考古资料。因此,《殷墟宫殿区建筑基址研究》,是殷墟宫殿建筑研究的突破性成果,是值得史学界、考古学界认真学习和加以称道的。一、一座长期困扰学术界的"迷宫"商朝晚期的都城,"宫中九市,车行酒,马行炙",是相当繁华的。商朝最高统治者,为"游于九层之台,居于广室之中",过着骄奢淫逸的生活,在都城大兴土木",造倾宫,作琼室瑶台"",其大宫百,其小宫七十三处"④。商王都建有鳞次栉比的宫殿建筑是为史学界和考古学界所熟知的。1928年至1937年前中央研究院十五次科学发掘殷墟所得53处宫殿建筑基址和1989年至1991年发掘的一处凹形建筑基址(或统编为54座基址,或     

1995年琉璃河周代居址发掘简报

琉璃河遗址自1962年发现以来,历经多年工作已被证实为西周燕国早期都城所在。但以往工作多偏重于墓葬,对居址了解甚少。为全面认识遗址内涵,并配合田野考古实习,1995年8月～11月,北京大学考古学系与北京市文物研究所联合对琉璃河遗址进行了发掘,发掘面积1560余平方米。所获遗存可分周代居址、周代墓葬和唐至明代居址三部分。本次工作对遗址发掘区进行了统一规     

广东始兴县南朝墓清理简报

1987年7月,始兴县始(兴)翁(源)公路扩建。施工中,推土机推出一座南朝墓。始兴县博物馆派员抢救性清理。现将清理情况简报如下:一、地理位置及墓葬形制墓葬位于始兴县城东约4公里的县造纸厂大门东40米处,由东向西连绵起伏的山地,墓葬座落在北面山坡上。解放以来,建筑工厂和农民取土打砖曾在此发现大量古墓葬,为汉晋南北朝时期的重要墓葬区(图一)。     

试论秦始皇陵的堧地

从出土文献看堧地之制在秦代就已列入禁苑规制,礼制建筑中也设有庙堧;西汉时期的都城、禁苑、宗庙、陵墓等也继续沿用堧地之制;因此秦始皇陵两重城垣之外的区域应该为陵墓的堧地。秦始皇陵的堧地中设置的内容有墓葬、外藏坑以及池沼、建筑、道路等,其外围标志则需要进一步的考古工作来验证。     

黄河小浪底盐东村汉函谷关仓库建筑遗址发掘简报

1998年3～9月,洛阳市第二文物工作队对位于黄河南岸的汉函谷关仓库建筑遗址进行了考古调查与发掘。主要发掘了仓库建筑遗址范围内的主体建筑、窑区、墓葬区、附属建筑基址及其他生活设施。其中作为主体建筑的仓库遗址,整体呈规则的长方形,由城垣、通道、柱础石、路面等遗迹组成;窑区共发现5座窑;墓葬发现10座。此次发掘发现了大量灰陶板瓦、筒瓦和瓦当,其中有一定数量的“关”字瓦当,证明这些建筑与汉代函谷关有关,应是一处与函谷关防御体系为一体的仓库建筑遗址。     

老司城考古二十年

据清代《永顺县志》记载,土司彭福石宠于南宋绍兴五年(1135年)袭职后,迁其治于灵溪之福石山,即今老司城。老司城出于军事上的目的而建,借自然环境构成了坚固的防御,环绕着城址,又有一系列险峻的军事关隘和防御设施。城址包括生活区、衙署区、街道区、墓葬区、宗教区、苑墅区等几个部分。根据目前的考古资料,老司城生活区城墙修建于明代早期,衙署区及老司城周边的大量相关建筑也大多修建于明代。从已发掘的紫金山墓葬和周边墓葬看,年代最早的是明代土司彭显英夫人墓。老司城周边石刻题铭的年代则主要集中在明代弘治、正德、嘉靖年间。     

燕都遗址博物馆藏青铜器——提梁卣的修复

一、背景资料西周燕都遗址博物馆坐落于全国重点文物保护单位琉璃河商周遗址,自60年代起,经过20多年对该遗址的发掘,不仅发现了城址,还发掘出了燕国贵族墓葬区,并出土了一批带有燕侯铭文的青铜器,从而确定了这里就是西周时期北方重要的邦国-燕国的都城。展现了北     

宣汉罗家坝墓地再研究

宣汉罗家坝墓地的年代当在战国中期至战国末期。墓葬形制、葬具与葬俗,以及随葬品的器用特征显示,罗家坝当为蜀文化墓地,而非此前公认的巴賨文化墓地。达州宣汉一带在历史时期地理优势突出,战国中期早段M33的突现为《史记》所载蜀伐楚及取南郑的两次军事行动提供了考古学证明。秦灭巴蜀前夕,开明蜀国盛极而衰,无力东顾,罗家坝邑聚因此骤然贫困化。秦灭巴蜀至战国晚期中段,正值秦楚在长江一线的拉锯,罗家坝的军事组织因此得以保留。只是墓地的平民化特征依旧突出,且蜀文化仍然占据主导,反映出秦对巴蜀既笼络又防范的统治政策。白起拔郢,楚国东迁,次年张若又取巫、黔中,罗家坝或因此彻底失去了作为军事驻地的价值,故在战国末期前后已经趋于废弃。罗家坝墓地的案例为从考古学本位出发界定与区分巴、蜀文化提供了突破口。     

蛮河流域文物普查资料分析与楚都探索

蛮河流域与楚都探索有密切关系,楚丹阳南漳说和楚郢都宜城说均与蛮河流域有关,但该地区的考古工作极为薄弱。本文试图通过对蛮河流域文物普查资料的整理与分析,为在该地区进行楚文化考古与楚都探索提供一些参考意见。     

秦楚丹阳大战与淅川吉岗楚墓

本文根据文献记载,记述了战国中晚期之际秦楚丹阳大战的情况,论证了丹阳的地望在丹淅会合处,进而认为,丹江口水库东岸的吉岗楚墓就是秦楚丹阳大战时楚国阵亡军士的墓地。     

Matrilineal affinities and prehistoric Siberian mortuary practices: a case study from Neolithic Lake Baikal

The ‘Lokomotiv’ cemetery in the Lake Baikal region of Siberia is considered to be the largest Neolithic cemetery in North Asia. A large degree of mortuary variability has been documented at Lokomotiv including striking differences in grave architecture, body treatment and grave good assemblages. The purpose of this study is to understand whether observed mortuary variability at Lokomotiv was used to indicate differential biological affinity for those buried in this cemetery. To answer this, we compared the distribution of matrilineally-inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers retrieved from Lokomotiv skeletal remains against various lines of archaeological evidence. Using a combined strategy of coding-region SNP and HVI sequence detection, we were able to produce mtDNA profiles for 31 of 37 Lokomotiv individuals. Our results to date suggest that while matrilineal affinities did not overtly shape the spatial organisation of Lokomotiv, they may have influenced the type of grave one was interred in and in certain cases, the type of mortuary treatment given to an individual. The most compelling differences in matrilineal affinity were found between group grave and single grave burials in one cluster of the cemetery and evoke a notion of intra-community power structure shaped by matrilineally-ascribed group membership. The findings from this study will be further explored with future enhancements to the archaeological and biological datasets for Lokomotiv as well as a contemporaneous Baikal region cemetery known as Shamanka II. In doing so, we hope to further illuminate the social complexities governing these prehistoric Siberian communities.     

四川汉源县麦坪遗址2008年发掘简报

2008年度对麦坪遗址的发掘,共清理房址5座、墓葬13座、灰坑102座,出土陶器、石器、铜器等各类遗物200余件。该遗址是大渡河中游地区的一处中心聚落,本次工作区分出四类不同的文化遗存,对遗址的分期和年代有了更深刻的认识,为研究本区域的考古学文化谱系提供了重要资料。     

湖南常德跑马岗战国墓发掘简报

跑马岗战国墓群位于常德市鼎城区白鹤山乡,处沅水流域和澧水流域交汇处的低岗上。1999年冬首次集中清理了38座战国楚墓,均为竖穴土坑墓,随葬品以陶器为主,其次为铜器和漆木器,是一批极有研究价值的楚化资料。     

On the Book of Devotions,Deposited by Cardinal Howard in the Library of the Dominican Convent at Bornheim in 1659

This paper reports the results of the excavation of an Early Bronze Age cist cemetery on the mid-Northumberland coast at Howick. The Bronze Age site was discovered during the investigation of a Mesolithic hut site, the latter having been published separately as a monograph. A total of five cists were found with only one being adult-sized, the rest presumably for infants. Due to the acidic conditions on the site, only a few fragments of a small skull were found in Cist 2. Other small finds included a small sherd of Food Vessel urn in an area of disturbance next to Cist 5, smoothed limestone cobbles and some nodules of yellow ochre. Flints were found in most of the feature fills, but these are considered to be residual as they are directly comparable to the narrow blade material found within the Mesolithic hut and its environs. The siting of Early Bronze Age cist burials in coastal locations is thought to reflect contemporary settlement on the coastal margin and its hinterland. With no Bronze Age dwelling sites known from this area, these cemeteries have an added significance as they provide indirect evidence for Bronze Age settlement on the North-East coastal plain.     

A Bronze Age Round Barrow Cemetery,Pit Alignments,Iron Age Burials,Iron Age Copper Working,and Later Activity at Four Crosses,Llandysilio, Powys

Excavation undertaken at the Upper Severn valley round barrow cemetery at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys, between 2004 and 2006 has increased the known barrows and ring ditches to some twenty-seven monuments within this complex, and revealed additional burials. Based on limited dating evidence, and the data from earlier excavations, the majority of the barrows are thought to be constructed in the Bronze Age. The barrows are considered part of a larger linear cemetery. The landscape setting and wider significance of this linear barrow cemetery are explored within this report. Dating suggests two barrows were later, Iron Age additions. The excavation also investigated Iron Age and undated pit alignments, Middle Iron Age copper working and a small Romano-British inhumation cemetery and field systems. Much of this evidence reflects the continuing importance of the site for ritual and funerary activity.     

Evaluation of radiocarbon dates from the Middle Holocene hunter-gatherer cemetery Khuzhir-Nuge XIV,Lake Baikal,Siberia

A data set of 87 radiocarbon determinations obtained for the Bronze Age Khuzhir-Nuge XIV cemetery in the Cis-Baikal region of Siberia is analyzed from the perspective of data quality and within the local archaeological context. Bone preservation, expressed in terms of collagen yields, is a very important factor affecting both the accuracy and precision of ¹⁴C dates and, therefore, publication of this information should be adopted as a required standard. According to the calibrated high-collagen dates, after a single Serovo interment the cemetery was used continuously by Glazkovo peoples for up to 700 years (∼2700–2000 BC), and 70% of all burials were interred within a relatively short peak period between approximately 2500 and 2300 BC. The extensive radiocarbon data from KN XIV allow for the re-evaluation of existing models and perspectives on the place of the Glazkovo culture within the Cis-Baikal Neolithic and Bronze Age.