《马关条约》第一款有关朝鲜问题内容的形成过程研究

早在甲午战争爆发之前,日本就攻占朝鲜王宫并扶植傀儡政权,进而迫使朝鲜废除对华三章程,以及单方面终结对华关系,直到对中国开战后又迫使朝鲜成为其"攻守同盟",使得甲午战争实际上进一步升级为东亚范围的战争。到平壤战役及黄海海战失败以后,清政府被迫放弃了击退日军并恢复与朝鲜传统朝贡关系的战争目标,保卫本国领土遂成为清政府唯一的战争目标。到马关议和期间,中国放弃对朝鲜的宗主权已然成为中日双方条约草案中唯一取得共识的内容。甲午战争期间中日朝三国关系变化的上述结果,以及导致清政府战争目标变化的军事进展结果,遂通过中日《马关条约》第一款有关朝鲜问题的内容,成为在近代东亚历史上影响深远的一个法律事实。     

《江华条约》与清政府关系问题新论——兼与王如绘先生商榷

1876年1月至2月间,清政府先后通过第一次转咨、册封敕使志和一行以及李鸿章复李裕元函等三个直接或间接的渠道传达了清政府并不反对朝鲜与日本国签订《江华条约》以建立外交通商关系的立场,实际上成为影响朝鲜王朝高宗政府开国外交方针的唯一国际因素。王如绘先生关于该条约与清政府劝告"无关"的主张,并不符合历史事实。     

略论《中韩通商条约》签订前后清与朝鲜的关系

清朝和朝鲜的外交关系始于清初,这种关系是清朝武力征服朝鲜后,迫使朝鲜与清朝结成的不平等的宗藩关系。自１９世纪中叶以后,这种宗藩关系因清政府处于内政外交的困境、帝国主义列强日益加剧对清朝和朝鲜的侵略而发生了动摇。１８９９年在俄、日的威迫下,清政府与朝鲜签订《中韩通商条约》,彻底解除了清与朝鲜的不平等的宗藩关系,确立了两国平等外交关系。     

甲申事变前后黎庶昌的琉球策略

1881年中日琉球交涉中断后,驻日使臣黎庶昌力谋贯彻清政府“存球祀”意旨,最初将球案作为独立的外交问题单独对待。甲申事变后,随着朝鲜通商开港政策陷入困境,黎庶昌又将琉球与朝鲜问题相联系,提出“朝鲜.琉球交换”论。1887年第二次使日后,由于朝鲜问题始终未息,其琉球策略大要不离“朝鲜.琉球交换”论。黎庶昌的球案交涉,早期有声有色,后期则主要限于提出书面策略。这与日本通过情报系统对清政府的球案政策有充分把握而立场渐趋强硬有相当关系。     

清政府对朝鲜的第二次贷款

清政府对朝鲜的第二次贷款曹力强随着近代中国半殖民地化程度的加深,国家财政窘迫不堪的清政府,不得不大借外债。列强为加强对中国的控制,争相向清政府进行大规模的政治贷款。然而,１８９２年１０,财政上捉襟见肘的清政府却向朝鲜进行了第二次贷款。本文主要利用档案...     

金允植、鱼允中与“壬午兵变”的善后处理

"壬午兵变"是朝鲜近代史上的重要事件,影响了中日两国的对朝战略,改变了东亚历史的进程。以金允植、鱼允中为代表的朝鲜人,出于国家总体战略的考虑,为了维持中朝宗藩关系,防范日本入侵,保护改革事业不致中断,精心设计了一个以铲除李昰应为中心的处置方案,并说服清政府成功实施。事实证明,朝鲜人才是筹划处置"壬午兵变"的始作俑者,清政府只是充当了金允植、鱼允中计策的执行者。朝鲜在清政府干涉朝鲜内政、强化属国政策的历史拐点中发挥了主体性作用。     

韩国藏张树声、丁汝昌、吴兆有致朝鲜王朝官员书信三件笺证

笔于韩国发现张树声、丁汝昌、吴兆有致朝鲜王朝高宗政府官员之书信写本三件,均属韩国国内仅存唯一本,其内容不仅反映上述三人与近代朝鲜的历史关系,更是反映1882年至1885年间中朝关系内幕之珍贵史料。今介绍该三件史料于韩国收藏情况,并进一步考察与该三件史料有关的近代中朝关系史实,以期向国内学界全面介绍上述三件珍贵史料。     

从《中朝商民水陆通商章程》论晚清宗藩体制之争议

通过分析《中朝商民水陆通商章程》,作者认为清政府允许朝鲜开国,由北洋大臣李鸿章主持朝鲜与西方诸国通商事务,拟定该章程,而朝鲜却想趁机变通旧制,谋求与西方诸国同样的平等地位。由于礼部暗中阻碍等原因,李鸿章的构想未能全部实现,只能单方面加重中国驻朝鲜商务委员监督朝鲜君臣的权力,但却让朝鲜更想脱离宗藩体制,寻求自主之路。《中朝商民水陆通商章程》的签订,并未真正强化中朝宗藩关系,反而种下了中朝两国冲突的隐患。     

清政府对近代国际关系准则的适应初探——以清政府参与俄、朝遣返越境朝鲜人交涉为例

19世纪下半叶,清政府介入了朝、俄关于朝鲜人越境及遣返的交涉,两次派人赴俄同南乌苏里当局交涉,但不久后清政府退出了交涉.清政府介入遣返朝鲜人事务的原因,有维护边境安全的考虑,担心俄国借朝鲜人来蚕食中国领土,同时和朝贡制度的“惯性”也有一定关系.第二次鸦片战争后,清政府仍试图维持以它为中心的朝贡体系,这在作为“外藩之首”的朝鲜身上表现明显.清政府退出遣返朝鲜人交涉,反映了在条约体系的冲击下清政府正在逐渐适应西方国际交往原则和规范.     

《里瓦几亚条约》对清政府外交的考量

《里瓦几亚条约》是在十九世纪七十年代末清政府与俄国签订的一个不平等条约,但清政府一改以往签约之情形:拒绝承认该条约,对签约全权大臣崇厚定"斩监候",改派曾纪泽出使俄国改定条约。清政府在内忧外患、积贫积弱,国势日蹙的形势下,仍然做出了上述决定,这在中国近代史上是绝无仅有的,是对清政府外交的考量。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.