Marketing Destinations with Prolonged Negative Images: Towards a Theoretical Model

Abstract

While there is a great deal of research on destination branding in general, the study of tourism marketing that deals specifically with destinations suffering from prolonged image problems is less well developed. We integrated theories from crisis communication, image restoration and destination marketing to examine media strategies used by such destinations to attract tourism, and then classified them. We utilized qualitative content analysis of tourism campaigns for destinations – primarily in problematic areas such as the Middle East, Africa, Eastern Europe – that appeared in international tourism magazines, destinations’ websites and video-sharing websites. We classified two approaches of media strategies: the ‘cosmetic approach’, relating to strategies that focus mainly on altering the destination's image and the ‘strategic approach’, relating to strategies that take comprehensive action, changing both the negative image and the problems causing it.     

古民居保护与旅游利用模式研究——以黄山市徽州古民居为例

以古民居的保护为目的,以黄山市古民居保护和旅游利用的旅游业态新模式为关注点,利用实证分析方法和比较研究的方法,基于保护和利用两种不同的维度,构建了徽州古民居保护和旅游利用的象限模型,提出了原址保护观光利用、原址保护功能转换利用、异地搬迁观光利用、异地搬迁整合利用等四种模式,并对其基本内涵分别进行了阐释。在此基础上,从原址利用、扩大利用、转换利用、主题利用四个方面,对未来徽州古民居保护和旅游利用的方向提出了相关建议和对策,并希冀对其他类型古民居的保护和旅游利用有着借鉴作用。     

历史街区旅游开发与居民生活环境发展研究——以扬州“双东”历史街区为例

生活环境作为居民传统生活方式的形塑产物,是历史街区保护的重要内容。旅游开发为历史街区发展提供了一种现代途径,也干扰历史街区的空间转变。旅游影响对居民生活惯习的介入效应调整旅游历史街区生活环境的存续-发展结构。扬州"双东"历史街区旅游发展对生活环境具有较大影响。居民围绕生活环境质量和旅游支持性形成三类亚群。旅游影响以不同方式介入居民生活环境,应结合具体情况确定生活环境维护导向。传统生活方式与现代发展诉求、生活环境整体转变与街区居民个体利益之间的矛盾是维护"双东"生活环境遭遇的现实困境。     

The Political Economy of Housing Investment in the Short-Term Rental Market: Insights from Urban Portugal

Short-term rentals (STRs) emerged as holiday accommodations, disrupting the hospitality industry in the decade before COVID-19. Mainstream explanations for their growth revolved around digital tourism platforms like Airbnb as market disruptors and the sharing economy rationale. At the same time, critical scholars explored the capitalisation of greater rent gaps in urban central locations. However, these explanations are insufficient to explain the growth of STRs. We supplement them by building bridges between the urban political economy and the geographies of financialisation through the cases of Lisbon and Porto before the pandemic. The paper focuses on tourism-induced housing investment, taking a closer look at the profile of investors in association with STR property managers in the context of the late-entrepreneurial urban regime. We conclude that tourism development has allowed opportunities for housing financialisation through STR professionalisation, enhancing the allocation of interest-bearing capital in tourism-oriented real estate.     

近三十年来中国城市旅游发展的阶段性和变化趋势

文章首先对城市旅游研究的相关文献进行回顾。本文提出,伴随着三大旅游市场的演化,中国城市旅游经历了从城市主要作为旅游目的地的“单一功能阶段”逐步进入城市同时作为旅游目的地、客源地和旅游流节点的“一体化阶段”。同时,本文还剖析了城市旅游的未来趋势：从城市旅游的国际比较来看,旅游者会越来越偏好良好的人居环境、城市文脉的延续、标志性的城市建筑和良好的地理位置。     

安徽省旅游空间结构演变及优化

旅游空间结构是区域旅游发展状态的重要指示器,旅游系统各大要素在不同发展阶段的空间组合不同。合理组织和优化旅游空间结构是实现旅游可持续发展的重要手段。分析认为安徽省旅游空间结构经历了点状模式、放射模式,目前正处在放射与凝聚共存模式阶段。为实现旅游经济的均衡发展和旅游产业竞争力提升,提出重点开发建设淮河风情旅游带、皖江城市旅游带、徽文化旅游带和合黄联动旅游带四条旅游轴线,在现有三大旅游板块的基础上构建皖南国际旅游文化示范区、皖江城市带旅游区、合肥经济圈旅游区、皖北旅游区四大旅游板块,形成新的"点-轴-区"旅游空间格局。提出通过提高政府统筹能力、加大基础设施建设、加速旅游市场营销、加强人力资源开发、实现旅游可持续发展等对策来优化旅游空间结构,促进安徽省旅游经济的均衡发展和旅游产业竞争力的提升。     

旅游机场吞吐量影响因素初探

近年来,在旅游者航空需求推动下,旅游热点地区兴建旅游机场已成为一大趋势。本文对旅游机场的概念、特点进行了归纳,认为旅游机场至少可以根据其对旅游客流的依赖程度区分为旅游景区机场和旅游城市机场。对机场吞吐量统计数据的分析发现,宏观地理区位是导致游客选择航空旅行方式比重存在差异的主要原因。对黄山和九寨沟等多个旅游机场的案例分析发现,具体的旅游线路组织方式、地面交通方式和其他机场的分流作用是导致旅游机场吞吐量悬殊的深层原因。在此基础上提出了旅游机场吞吐量影响因素的概念模型并将之用于喀纳斯机场和宜昌机场的分析。     

新社会经济思潮下的旅游规划体系及设计

在简要介绍西方国家"第三条道路"思潮学术内涵的基础上,审视了流行近20年的旅游可持续发展及其规划中出现的机制弊端。系统总结了新近国外著名学者提出的"第三条道路"旅游发展与规划体系及内容,重点强调该体系对克服上述弊端的作用与方法。最后尝试性地提出了适合中国的"第三条道路"旅游规划体系与操作模式。     

旅沪外国游客旅游选择行为研究

旅游者行为研究是旅游市场拓展、旅游资源开发、旅游规划的基础。本文根据对上海入境外国人市场结构和游客行为的亲身抽样调查资料,运用旅游地理学基本原理、心理学分析和比较分析法等研究方法,重点探讨了不同国家的旅沪外国游客对旅游资源、旅游方式、旅游饮食、旅游住宿、旅游购物品和旅游娱乐项目的选择偏好和旅游行为规律。分析结果如下：旅沪外国游客偏好文化古迹、山水风光和民俗风情、饮食烹调等旅游资源;以散客形式旅游的游客多于团队旅游的游客;在饮食选择中,偏好富有中国风味特色的饮食产品;在旅游购物品选择中,偏好工艺品、服饰品、丝绸纺织品和艺术品;对娱乐项目的选择,偏好民俗文化类和探险类娱乐项目;在住宿选择方面,喜爱地理位置优越、价格合理、安全有保障和设施配套齐全的饭店。     

Heritage Recycled: migration and tourism as factors in the heritage of vernacular settlements

Since the 1980s Greece has been the destination of many Albanian migrants in search of work and better living conditions. The research on which this study is based examines the case of Santorini, a small Greek island which relies heavily on tourism and is currently in the front line of migration. This paper focuses on the relationship between migrants and space, by considering the interaction between migration, tourism and heritage. Heritage brings tourism flows, tourism generates migration through the demand for labour which cannot be met by locals, and migration helps to keep heritage alive because migrants occupy the old deserted settlements and also provide the means for the revitalisation of traditional ways of production. Through research in three different locations on the island, it is suggested that, contrary to the common public perception that migrants operate in a destructive way towards the spatial, social and economic environments, they actually contribute to their revitalisation.     

论旅游地理学的研究核心

本文从闲暇、游憩和旅游三个概念出发,首先讨论了旅游地理学的研究对象。然后从旅游客源地、旅游通道和旅游目的地的分析提出了旅游地理学的研究核心,简析了每一项研究内容。最后结合中国旅游业发展的现状,探讨了90年代中国旅游地理研究应注意的问题。     

Institutional ethical analysis of resident perceptions of tourism in two Chinese villages

Existing research on perceptions of tourism has mainly focused on the empirical study from the perspectives of management, sociology, statistics and other disciplines. However, the ethical or philosophical perspective has been relatively neglected. Many issues related to institutional ethics have not been given sufficient attention by tourism academics. This article will test the effect of tourism on institutional ethics from a new perspective: by comparing the residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism's impact in the villages of Zili and Maxianglong in Kaiping County of Guangdong Province where they share similar geographical locations and demographic features. Findings show that due to different levels of tourism development, the residents’ pursuit of institutional ethics varies. In particular, citizen ethics cannot be derived from traditional Chinese ethics. In fact as the level of tourism increases, the awareness of being involved in public affairs becomes stronger and the pursuit of a fair distribution and a focus on public interest becomes more obvious. For example: (1) a more developed tourism industry results in a larger demand for equal distribution from residents; (2) as the tourism industry develops, resident awareness increases as well as the ability to participate in public management; (3) with the development, resident demands for democracy become more obvious; and (4) with the development of the tourism industry, residents pay more attention to public interests and the construction of public spaces, and they acquire more of a public spirit.     

Key variables for developing integrated rural tourism

Considering how important tourism development is as an element of economic recovery in rural areas, one of its objectives should be sustainability. The starting point must therefore be the existence of partnerships and cooperation between stakeholders. Such cooperation would enable the integration of tourism development through the endogeneity, complementarity, and embeddedness of the resources and the empowerment of the residents. The objective of this research is to determine the basic types of relationships to be developed in order to achieve integrated rural tourism. Initially, we verify the variables involved in integrated rural tourism by determining the measurement models, and subsequently we propose a model that reflects the relationships between the variables under study. Our research shows that there must be two types of collaboration between stakeholders. First, there must be collaboration to develop a tourism product, and second, there must be collaboration to provide adequate information about the existing tourism activities. Due the nature of tourism, various types of businesses must work together, but if information is not subsequently provided about the product, then tourism cannot develop as desired. Collaboration as a whole also favours the development of rural tourism in which tourism activities complement the traditional activities of an area, consequently increases the embeddedness of the product and the endogeneity of the resources. Furthermore, the opinions of the various stakeholders in tourism development must be taken into account, especially the residents, which takes place through empowerment. Finally, collaboration means that residents and tourists must coexist and come into contact, therefore sharing public services and entertainment and leisure locations. All the aforementioned factors consequently provide the basis for integrating the rural tourism that is developed in an area, which will favour the economic, sociocultural, and environmental sustainability of that area.     

Marine Tourism in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia

Marine tourism is an important component of nature‐based tourism in the Kimberley Region of northern Western Australia. It offers a wide range of passive and active recreational activities in near‐pristine wilderness areas. Marine tourism in the region is recognised as a growth sector having expanded rapidly since 2000, and it is unusual in that growth has been limited by a lack of vehicular access points to the coast. This unplanned growth has been irregular. A marked downturn in visitation by yachts has coincided with an increase in visits by charter boats. Although only five bush camps are established along the coast, boat visits occur at approximately 216 locations that are all subject to potential environmental damage. The extent to which this unplanned industry can be sustained without jeopardising environmental, social and economic values remains open to question.     

Visitors’ place-based evaluations of unacceptable tourism impacts in Oulanka National Park,Finland

Visitors’ assessments of the negative impact of tourism, on physical and social environment, vary based on the location where the evaluation occurs. Research that focuses on identifying visitors’ norms within outdoor recreation settings has not been able to link the geographical location with the corresponding evaluation of unacceptable levels of impact. This study combines a traditional on-site visitor survey with a Public Participation Geographic Information Systems survey to produce spatially explicit information on visitors’ acceptance of tourism impacts. Using a web-based participatory survey, visitors were asked to indicate specific locations where they felt the effects of tourism disturbed the quality of their experience in Oulanka National Park. These evaluations were analyzed at multiple scales – destination, specific zones, and sites – to promote more efficient park management. Based on visitor evaluations, we found a collection of hotspots in the park where tourism has already caused unacceptable impacts. Visitors noted that crowding and erosion disturbed their experiences, especially along highly visited trail sections, while littering was considered problematic near wilderness huts. However, participant satisfaction at these sites was not lower than elsewhere in the park. This indicates that the association between negative impacts of tourism and visitor satisfaction is not straightforward, but complex. This study encourages the collection of spatially accurate data on visitors’ assessments of the effects of tourism because it has the potential to more efficiently direct park management policies. In addition, spatial techniques provide a new means to monitor the impacts of tourism, acknowledging that visitors’ perceptions of acceptability of tourism impacts also vary within tourism destinations, such as parks.     

大型旅行社空间扩张的区位选择--"上海春秋"案例

旅行社是介于旅游吸引物与旅游者之间的组织者,它对地理区位的选择是本文的探讨重点。本文以上海春秋国际旅行社为例,归纳它在国内宏、微观选址的经验,得到其以省会城市、著名旅游城市、新兴经济发达城市为节点的宏观网络和以中心门市及社区门市为节点的微观网络;根据区位因素理论,初步分析了与旅行社空间区位选择有关的一些因素,包括对市场、成本等一般性因素的分析和对行为等特殊性因素的分析;最后,提出旅行社的区位扩张不仅要重视物理空间,也要重视网络信息空间。     

Twenty years of Tourism Geographies: a bibliometric overview

Abstract

Tourism Geographies is a prominently ranked journal that emerged from activities of the Tourism Commission of the International Geographical Union. It is indexed in the ‘Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management’ and ‘Geography, Planning and Development’ fields in the Scopus database and published its 20th volume in 2018. A bibliometric assessment of the articles and authors who have contributed to Tourism Geographies over its first two decades highlights major trends and dominant issues covered by the journal’s content. Key indicators include the most published and most cited authors and articles, the institutions and countries that those authors are affiliated with, other academic journals that are closely linked to the journal through citations, and the most used keywords in the journal. The Scopus database provides access to these basic bibliometric data, while the VOSviewer software enables graphical analyses and displays of co-citations, co-occurrences of keywords, and bibliographic couplings (shared references) across papers and authors. Overall, Tourism Geographies is closely linked to other leading journals indexed by Scopus in the ‘Tourism’ and ‘Geography’ fields and publishes papers from around the world. Research topics that have been most prominent in the journal include tourism development, tourist destinations, tourist attractions, heritage tourism, tourism perceptions, sustainable tourism, and travel behavior. Among the most viewed individual papers have been those addressing issues related to sustainability, poverty issues (related to tourism in poor areas, volunteering, sustainable tourism, and the environment), and community planning (sustainable tourism planning, tourist routes and movement, and new locations for tourism development).     

Trapped in clichés: masculinity,films and tourism in Iceland

When the Icelandic television series ‘Trapped’ was aired it instantly garnered worldwide attention. The main character, a rugged Icelandic man, is presented as being one with the harsh cold landscape. This article demonstrates how visual materials, like ‘Trapped,’ have become extremely important in the presentation of Iceland to the outside world, as well as working to present Iceland as a tourism destination. Furthermore, we evidence how ‘Trapped’ identifies with the Nordic noir genre. Our analysis shows that the series ‘Trapped’ and recent Icelandic films rest on the strong and entrenched association of Icelandicness with maleness, while also reflecting on existing stereotypes about Iceland and the Icelandic people as being exotic, both of which have become reanimated through the tourism industry. Thus, visual material such as ‘Trapped’ constitutes a part of, and becomes in and of itself symbolic of recurrent masculinity in Iceland. Our analysis emphasizes the importance of framing the ‘official’ production of locations as tourism destinations by both state and commercial industries in relation to other cultural productions that often also engage with mobile historical stereotyping and commercial attempts at nation branding.     

都市生态旅游研究现状与挑战

本文主要目的,在藉由都市生态旅游相关研究的回顾,探讨近年来生态旅游研究转往都市地区的现象,并剖析其研究内容。考虑都市生态旅游一词被提出的时间点,本研究以1996年后相关之中英文专书、期刊与研讨会共计34篇为讨论对象。并针对文献之研究地区、研究议题、研究方法与研究者所在地区等四项进行检视。结果显示当下相关研究其研究方法以质性方法为主,且大陆为当下都市生态旅游研究主要地区与研究者背景来源地。最后,本研究以为当下相关研究仍流于概念性的论述,缺乏厚实的理论基础,亦缺乏深入的实证探讨,建议未来研究,当着重于发掘都市生态旅游的特质,并从更为务实的方向着手。     

Femonationalism and populist politics: The case of the Swiss ban on female genital mutilation

This article examines configurations of Swiss national identity that were generated in the course of the drafting of the 2012 Female Genital Mutilation Act, a new law that seeks to regulate practices of female genital modification (including female circumcision and genital cosmetic surgery). Our analysis of Swiss parliamentary debates on this legislative proposal between 2005 and 2011 shows that Swiss MPs came to depict female circumcision as a threat to the Swiss nation but portrayed genital cosmetic surgery carried out in Swiss clinics as a signifier of “Swissness.” The Swiss debates over women's genital modifications produced an unusually high level of political unanimity between pro‐feminist left‐wing MPs and anti‐feminist conservative and populist MPs, all of whom claimed to defend women's rights. In this process, MPs formulated criteria for membership and non‐membership of the Swiss nation which, we argue, reflect wider political dynamics, best understood through the lens of femonationalism.