The Changing Geographies of Power and Control in Rural Service Provision: Recent Restructuring Within the Australian Tractor Dealership System

Over the past few years a considerable body of research has illuminated the changing geographies of service provision in rural Australia. Mostly, this work has emphasised the quantitative aspects of restructuring, by way of documenting numerical reductions in service delivery points and their implications for local employment and service access. In this paper, an examination of recent restructuring within the dealership system for high‐horsepower tractors underlines that these quantitative changes also intersect with qualitative shifts to the character of service delivery. Interviews with 31 participants in the tractor dealership system of Central‐West New South Wales reveal the recent evolution of a producer‐driven supply chain in which two dominant, multinational, tractor‐machinery companies have sought to exercise tighter control over customer relations through the restructuring of franchise agreements with dealers. There has been a resultant demise of the independent dealership, and its replacement by a system of standardised, company‐affiliated outlets operated by franchise holders. Hence, the spatial restructuring of this industry represents the surface manifestations of corporate strategies in which large economic entities are re‐organising their interests in light of globalised theatres of competition and profit. In this sense, the tractor‐dealership system is emblematic of changes to power and control in rural service provision as the franchise models propagated by large corporate interests increasingly subsume the small‐business sector activities of Australia's rural towns.     

Planning for Rural Housing in the Republic of Ireland: From National Spatial Strategies to Development Plans

This paper examines the role of spatial planning as a policy framework for managing rural housing within an integrated territorial development strategy. The paper focuses on the Republic of Ireland, which provides a useful case for analysing spatial planning and rural housing relationships, due to the State's recent shift towards spatial planning (formalized with the publication of the Irish National Spatial Strategy), as well as the level of housing construction that has been observed in an increasingly post-productivist countryside (triggered by counter-urbanization flows, increased affluence and demands for second holiday homes, etc.). The paper reviews all policy instruments that have been used to manage rural housing at various scales (from national strategies to local level development plans). It is argued that while spatial planning adopts an integrative vocabulary, as policy moves down the spatial scale hierarchy, multi-dimensional spatial goals are implemented through traditional, narrow land-use regulation. This often leads to rural housing being addressed in isolation from its wider social and economic context, disconnecting housing from wider rural community issues and ultimately failing to deliver a coordinated and coherent spatial policy for managing rural settlements.     

论历史性权利在海洋划界中的作用

历史性权利在海洋划界中作用的法律基础既包括条约法也包括国际习惯法。历史性权利分属不同的法律基础,使其在海洋划界中发挥不同的作用。以《联合国海洋法公约》为代表的条约法,规定了历史性所有权或历史性海湾在领海划界中的优先作用,明确了历史性所有权、历史性水域在海洋划界争端解决程序中具有任择性例外的作用,并确立了历史性捕鱼权在群岛水域划界中具有特别适用的功能;而国际习惯法确立的历史性权利规则在海洋划界中的作用,虽然目前国际法上尚无明确规定,但在国际实践上,其主要以并行适用方式发挥作用。历史性权利在海洋划界中的不同作用,为未来我国与周边国家尤其是南海周边国家海洋划界提供国际适法导引。     

Comparison of Moran's I and Geary's c in Multivariate Spatial Pattern Analysis

This article compares multivariate spatial analysis methods that include not only multivariate covariance, but also spatial dependence of the data explicitly and simultaneously in model design by extending two univariate autocorrelation measures, namely Moran's I and Geary's c. The results derived from the simulation datasets indicate that the standard Moran component analysis is preferable to Geary component analysis as a tool for summarizing multivariate spatial structures. However, the generalized Geary principal component analysis developed in this study by adding variance into the optimization criterion and solved as a trace ratio optimization problem performs as well as, if not better than its counterpart the Moran principal component analysis does. With respect to the sensitivity in detecting subtle spatial structures, the choice of the appropriate tool is dependent on the correlation and variance of the spatial multivariate data. Finally, the four techniques are applied to the Social Determinants of Health dataset to analyze its multivariate spatial pattern. The two generalized methods detect more urban areas and higher autocorrelation structures than the other two standard methods, and provide more obvious contrast between urban and rural areas due to the large variance of the spatial component.     

基于县域尺度的江苏省乡村性空间格局演变及其机理研究

基于区域城乡一体的思想构建乡村性指数RI,通过GIS-ESDA空间分析框架,运用空间自相关、空间变差函数等测度模型对20世纪90年代以来县域尺度江苏省乡村性空间格局演变和机理进行了研究。结果表明:1990年以来县域尺度江苏省乡村性表现出较强的空间自相关性,相似地区在空间聚集分布,且集聚的程度不断增强;乡村性热点区空间结构主要以徐州-宿迁-淮安为核心的圈层结构,并且不断向盐城集聚,呈现出明显的地理集中演变特征;县域尺度乡村性空间格局的连续性和自组织性越来越强,由空间自相关引起的结构化分异的机理越来越显著;东北-西南方向乡村性空间差异较小,东南-西北方向乡村性的异质性则十分明显,空间差异较大。     

Examining the Structure of Opportunity and Social Mobility in India: Who Becomes an Engineer?

Rising inequality alongside rapid economic growth reinforces the need to examine patterns of social mobility in India. Are children from less well‐off sections also able to rise to higher‐paying positions, newly created by the growing economy, or are these positions mainly accessible to established elites? Powered in particular by the software industry, no sector has grown as fast as engineering in India. Examining the social origins of students at a range of engineering colleges, including higher‐ and lower‐ranked ones, provides a useful lens for understanding how the new opportunities have availed different social segments. These results provide some grounds for optimism: women, scheduled castes, and sons and daughters of agriculturists have improved upon historical trends. However, the rural–urban divide remains deep: the more rural one is, the lower are one's chances of getting into any engineering college. Multiple simultaneous handicaps — being poor and rural or scheduled caste and rural — reduce these chances to virtually zero. Improving education quality together with better information provision and more accessible career advice are critical for making opportunity more equitable.     

基于城乡能量对比的城市空间扩展规律研究——以无锡市为例

城市空间不断向乡村空间的扩展本质是城乡能量在城乡过渡区相互作用的空间反映,城乡能量是指城乡要素作用在城乡过渡区的强度。本文以江苏省无锡市为案例,采用适用于复杂系统的统计能量分析方法作为定量分析工具构建能量测度模型,测度无锡市1984、1991、1997、2001和2005年5个时期城乡要素能量和综合能量,揭示出城市空间扩展主导方向并非沿着城乡过渡区中区位条件好、城市性较强地域方向延伸,而是指向城乡过渡区中乡村性明显的地域;城乡过渡区的小城镇成为城市空间扩展的重要推动力量,与中心城区一起推动城市性要素流动。     

中国内陆中心城市日常城市体系及其范围界定——以西安为例

本文首先对日常城市体系等有关概念提出了一些观点,并结合中国内陆城市的研究阐述了日常城市体系空间扩展的机理、阶段与指标体系。其次,在对西安日常城市体系划界的基础上,提出该体系内的构成与发展模式,并据此总结出内陆中心城市的日常城市体系划分原则。     

Spatial imaginaries and collective identity in women’s human rights struggles in Honduras

In recent years, geographic analysis on social movements has emphasised the influence of actors’ concepts, lived experiences and perceptions of space on the emergence of collective action. Cultural approaches to social movements in Latin America as well as feminist scholarship have revealed that women’s collective action is shaped by their perceptions of institutional and societal challenges, which are rooted in authoritarian and patriarchal culture prevalent in their society. This article combines geographic and cultural approaches to social movements as well as transnational feminist theories to explore women’s human rights mobilisation in Honduras after the coup d’état in 2009. It investigates how a group of urban and rural activists that included feminists, rural women, students and community leaders, adopted human rights discourses and practices to respond to the coup. The article draws on interviews and focus group discussions to suggest firstly, that protests in response to the coup shaped the interviewees’ spatial imaginaries and particularly considers how urban feminists’ spatial imaginaries were merged with those of rural women under the collective framework of human rights. Secondly, the study demonstrates that a collective identity as women human rights defenders was crucial for the emergence of collective action and also prompted the establishment of a national network. This case study contributes to research on women’s collective action to negotiate women’s rights, human rights and social justice in changing political processes.     

苏北地区乡村聚落的格局特征与类型划分

以苏北地区乡村聚落为研究对象,运用RS和GIS技术,利用景观分析方法,选取空间韵律指数及聚类分析探讨苏北地区乡村聚落的格局特征及类型划分,结果表明,苏北地区乡村聚落的空间分布存在明显的地域差异。徐淮平原聚落规模大而稀疏;淮阴平原聚落规模相对大,较密集;盐城地区聚落规模小而密集。聚落被划分为盐宿地区聚落高密度分布区、徐连淮丘陵地区聚落中密度分布区、淮阴平原过渡性聚落均匀分布区及徐淮平原聚落稀疏分布区四种典型的类型区。     

Family education support to rural migrant children in China: evidence from Shenzhen

Rural migrant children have become a fast-growing population in China as a consequence of the large-scale population flow from rural to urban areas. Besides the dual-structure hukou system, which restrains rural migrants from upward mobility, family capital also plays an important role in providing family educational support to rural migrant children. Using the data from P District and N District of Shenzhen in 2013, this paper explores the present status of three dimensions of family capital and five aspects of family educational support to Chinese rural migrant children, as well as the correlation between family capital and family educational support from perspectives of migration status (hukou), life course (children’s age), and school type. Constrained by inadequate family capital in multiple dimensions manifested by less education, lower income, and limited social networks, etc., parents of rural migrant children provide less family educational support in nearly every aspect compared with parents of urban local children. Among rural migrant children, those in private migrant schools receive the least support from their parents.     

城乡空间互动-整合演进中的新型农村社区规划体系设计

本文以城乡空间互动-整合演进的理念为依托,横向思考城市与乡村在社会经济发展、居民理想生活诉求层面的异同,着力探讨新型农村社区规划原理及规划体系的核心内容,指出经济空间互动、生活空间延展、社会文化空间更新、城乡交通空间链接及田园生态景观空间表征是城乡空间互动-整合演进不同阶段新型农村社区规划的基本原理,故农业生产空间规划、农村社区居住空间规划、农村社区公共空间规划、农村社区交通空间规划、农田与绿地空间规划构成了新型农村社区规划体系。新型农村社区规划体系的确立必将对城乡空间的合理规划与管理提供有益的参考。     

转型期欠发达地区乡村人居环境演变特征及微观机制——以湖北省红安县二程镇为例

优化乡村人居环境,改善农户生活质量,统筹城乡发展是社会主义新农村建设的一项重要内容。本文以欠发达地区为地理单元,以红安县二程镇8个村100户问卷和访谈调查为基础资料,探讨了转型期特定区域乡村人居环境演变特征和微观机制。从历史的维度来看,乡村人居环境演变特征主要体现在:乡村聚落的空心化和边缘化、乡村生态环境的剧烈恶化以及乡村社会文化的更新等方面。从微观的视野来看,乡村人居环境的演化实质上是农户空间行为作用的外在表现。不同类型的农户空间行为对乡村人居环境的作用方式不同,影响效果也不同,但其综合效应对乡村人居环境的系统功能影响较大。     

Cellular Automata for Studying Historical Spatial Process of Traditional Settlements Based on Gaussian Mixture Model: A Case Study of Qiaoxiang Village in Southern China

ABSTRACT

The spatial evolution of traditional rural settlements is a natural process that occurs without professional development planning. With rural spatial organization now being stimulated by China’s economic structure adjustment, making top-down plans match bottom-up spatial principles is important for the continuity of rural communities. In this research, a Cellular automaton based model was introduced to describe the historical spatial rules of rural settlements based on a traditional village in Southern China. In order to reproduce the rural spatial characteristics and laws that were close to the actual situation truthfully and distinctly, in this model, we refined the growth process into three cyclical steps, and used a Multivariate Gaussian Mixture Model for the evaluation of spatial transition potential. Through historical simulation, evaluation of the current status, and future spatial predictions, results showed that: (1) the growth during the whole spatial process maintained logical consistency for optimal selection; (2) certain houses in the southeast region should be carefully protected as a core living culture exhibit, while the best utilization of other homes should be considered; and (3) the most probable region of growth for tourist services or new housing estates is scattered along the river in the central area of the village.     

Spatial Policies for Metropolitan Regions—Identity,Participation and Integration

In times of globalization the attention of spatial planning obviously changes from rural to metropolitan regions. This change of perspective goes along with the expectation that metropolitan regions are key factors for a dynamic development of the nation as a whole. This article refers to metropolitan strategies in Germany and considers one special strategy element in greater detail: spatial planning completed a policy for metropolitan regions as a 'top down' approach. In addition, a network of German Metropolitan Regions was established from below. Recently the members of this network have prepared a common strategy paper that includes eight demands for metropolitan strategies. One of the demands is dedicated to regional identity, participation and integration. Aspects concerning this demand are discussed in this article.     

Female Migration and Urban Labour Markets in Tianjin

The spontaneous, large-scale population movement from the countryside to the cities witnessed in China since the early 1980s has drawn increasing attention in academic circles. However, research has tended to focus on quantitative macro-level data collection and interpretation rather than on the experiences of those involved in the migratory process. Using qualitative research methods, this article presents the experiences and perceptions of the Chinese rural female migrants as narrated by themselves. It attempts to identify by this means the major forces behind rural women's out-migration and the institutional changes and structural barriers that have shaped women's lives and experiences in the migratory process. The author argues that women are actors and agents in this unprecedented economic and social transformation. Through their active engagement in the urban labour market, female migrants have challenged both the traditionally defined gender roles and the spatial and socio-economic boundaries that have been structurally designated to them. Their actions may catalyse a radical rearrangement of the social, political and sexual orders.     

新时期中国农村土地综合整治逻辑体系框架

在问题剖析和内涵辨析的基础上,从5个方面构建了农村土地综合整治逻辑体系框架。研究认为,新时期农村土地综合整治在指导理念上应以"理-工-管"等多学科交叉融合的基本理念为指导;在目标定位上应形成包含"现实目标、基本目标、中级目标、战略目标"的层次化目标体系;在宏观战略上应明确今后一段时期内综合整治的战略重点与方向;在统筹安排整治项目方面可按照"战略区-类型区-潜力区-项目区"的空间层次逻辑思路,从国家、区域、亚区、项目4个层级构建综合整治项目空间层级体系;在功能作用方面,可通过土地整治、空间重构、要素整合与机制创新来推进乡村转型发展和城乡一体化进程。     

INFERENCE BASED ON ALTERNATIVE BOOTSTRAPPING METHODS IN SPATIAL MODELS WITH AN APPLICATION TO COUNTY INCOME GROWTH IN THE UNITED STATES*

ABSTRACT This study examines aggregate county income growth across the 48 contiguous states from 1990 to 2005. To control for endogeneity, we estimate a two‐stage spatial error model and implement a number of spatial bootstrap routines to infer parameter significance. Among the results, we find that outdoor recreation and natural amenities favor positive growth in rural counties and property taxes correlate negatively with rural growth. Comparing bootstrap inference with other models, including the recent General Moment heteroskedastic‐robust spatial error estimator, we find similar conclusions suggesting bootstrapping can be effective in spatial models where asymptotic results are not well established.     

中国地理学对乡村发展的多元视角研究及思考

乡村发展是一个综合性和复杂性的问题,具有多元化的观察视角。本研究从地理学出发,选取空间、转型、功能、制度四个视角,对当代中国乡村发展研究的现状进行系统化梳理,并分别对四个视角下的研究内容进行评述,发现我国地理学研究呈现多元视角融合的趋势,且存在缺少多元理论指导、对城乡关系关注不足的共性问题。基于此,结合国内外乡村发展研究最近成果及我国实情,尝试提出中国地理学对乡村未来发展研究的导向：推进城乡一体化为导向的乡村空间重构研究、加强新型城镇化背景下的城乡发展网络研究、加强城乡统筹理念下的乡村多元发展路径研究、推进城乡等值化理论指导下的乡村规划和管理研究。     

国家重点生态功能区乡村人居环境演变及影响机制——以湖北省利川市为例

采用层次分析等方法,从农民生活、生产环境、生态产品供给以及生态安全等人居环境核心领域出发,构建重点生态功能区乡村人居环境评价体系,对1998-2012年间利川市乡村人居环境做了评价,剖析了自然生态环境、社会经济要素空间变化特征。研究表明:①重点生态功能区乡村人居环境建设时序演变历经传统发展、过渡发展、生态化建设三个阶段,人居环境系统及影响因子在不同时期呈现出不同的特征;②社会经济环境、生态环境空间格局变化显著,主要表现为农村人口向盆地、城镇集聚,城乡收入差距增大,河流流域生态环境改善,高山区生态脆弱性增强;③农户行为受政策调控作用由无序、扭曲化向规范化变迁,政策调控与农户行为互动作用促使重点生态功能区乡村人居环境演变。