记1931年全国首次公务员高等考试

国民政府统治初期,曾对国家机关公务员实行考试录取的制度。这种西方式用人机制在中国的推行,对促进国民政府行政体制的完善乃至对中国建立现代化的人事任用制度都起了积极的促进作用。本文对国民政府建立后所举行的首届高等考试的筹备、经过等问题作了较完整的考察。文章对此次考试的特点、存在的问题及其历史意义进行了一些分析与探讨,力图完整、真实地再现这一历史史实。     

江浙行省乡贡及进士在元末明初的动向

元朝是中国历史上第一个由少数民族建立的全国性政权,与中原的儒家文化存在很大的差别。而元代的科举举行的时间很短,录取人数少。元代科举共分三级考试,最基层的考试是以行省为单位的乡试,录取的士人被称为乡贡,而廷试录取的士人被称为进士。江浙行省的乡贡及进士在元末明初这个特殊时期或战或降或隐居,本文就对其动向问题加以简略探讨。     

大学生公务员热的传统文化背景

根据环球网校的统计,2012年的国家公务员考试报名人数共计130余万人,实际参考96万,招录比低至百分之一。面对那么少的就业岗位,为什么有那么多人趋之若鹜?新世纪以来,公务员考试报名人数暴涨,一方面反映了大学扩招以来的就业压力日益增大,另一方面也反映了公务员不仅在待遇上有保障,而且社会地位仍是高高在上。这种社会现象在引起深思的同时,也唤醒了传统文化中相关的相关印象。那么摆在面前的问题是,大学生是怎样看待公务员考试的呢?换种说法,大学生报考公务员考试的原因主要有哪些     

公务员考试的职业化现象的原因分析

随着市场就业形势的严峻,公务员考试报名的人数也在随着年份的增长在持续增加,越来越多的人开始投向公务员考试的队伍中来,甚至出现了公务员考试的＂专业户＂。有些人不惜时间和金钱,仅仅是为了谋得一只＂铁饭碗＂,而公务员考试的持续升温,不仅增加了国家为考试投下的成本,而且使市场人力资源的分配方式失去平衡。公务员考试职业化趋势仅仅是因为公务员岗位待遇的优越吗？事实不然,导致这种现象的原因是多元的、深层次的,既有外在的市场环境因素,也包括考生个人的主观判断原因。文章以此为研究背景,深入挖掘导致公务员报考热的各方原因,以期能够找到降低公务员报考＂高温＂的有用材料。     

南京国民政府首届公务员高等考试述论

本文对南京国民政府建立后的首届公务员高等考试的筹备和经过等问题作了较为全面的考察，并对此次考试的特点及存在的问题进行了具体细致的分析与探讨。     

民国公务员考试的糗事

最近几年,公务员考试越来越成为人们关注的热门话题,因其考试难度之高、参考人数之众而被喻为中国第一考。殊不知,在民国时期,公务员考试也是众多年轻人希望出人头地的一条正途。     

民国公务员考试的糗事

最近几年,公务员考试越来越成为人们关注的热门话题,因其考试难度之高、参考人数之众而被喻为“中国第一考”。殊不知,在民国时期,公务员考试也是众多年轻人希望出人头地的一条“正途”。     

民国招考县长：经历很重要

据报道,2014年部分省市的公务员考试报名人数有所减少,公务员热似乎在降温.然而在民国初期,袁世凯执政时曾举行过几届全国的“公务员考试”,着实火爆了一把.他们的“国考”主要是选拔县知事,也就是县长.     

抗战时期中国公务员任用制度

八年抗战时期,国民政府变通普通行政人员、边远省区和具有特殊性质公务员的任用法规,降低考试及格人员的任职资格。与此同时,统一人事管理制度,补办公务员甄别审查,推行公务员、备用人员、军用文职人员的登记,以及公务员的聘用、派用与内外调任制度,兼顾了公务员任用制度的常态发展。这些举措,体现了公务员的依法任用,顺应了抗战建国的需要。由于公务员任用制度本身存在缺点,在执行的过程中"事前审查"变成"事后追认",以及专制制度的危害,孙中山关于考试权独立的理想没有完全实现。     

忽然想到之五

一公务员考试,门庭若市。有人说是因为大学毕业生难找工作。有人说是因为公务员工作稳定。有人说是因为都想报效祖国。或许是吧,也或许未必。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.