Algorithmic War: Everyday Geographies of the War on Terror

Abstract:  Technologies that deploy algorithmic calculation are becoming ubiquitous to the homeland securitization of the war on terror. From the surveillance networks of the city subway to the biometric identifiers of new forms of border control, the possibility to identify "association rules" between people, places, objects and events has brought the logic of pre-emption into the most mundane and prosaic spaces. Yet, it is not the case that the turn to algorithmic calculation simply militarizes society, nor even that we are witnessing strictly a commercialization of security. Rather, algorithmic war is one form of Foucault's sense of a "continuation of war by other means", where the war-like architectures of self/other, here/there, safe/risky, normal/suspicious are played out in the politics of daily life. This paper explores the situated interplay of algorithmic practices across commercial, security, and military spheres, revealing the violent geographies that are concealed in the glossy techno-science of algorithmic calculation.     

The Singing War: Canadian Soldiers' Songs of the Great War

Singing was an important leisure activity for Canadian soldiers serving overseas in the Great War. Soldiers sang popular songs of the day and religious hymns, while also parodying them to better suit their wartime experience. Singing was a group activity that brought men together, forged bonds of comradeship, reinforced belonging in the group, and helped the soldiers endure the strain of unending combat and service. Wartime songs reveal the culture from below and shed new light on the soldiers' experience.     

论国民党抗日游击战术思想的成长

目前,国民党抗日游击战术思想、理论的专门研究尚属空白。“九一八”事变之前,国民党在早期军事斗争和反共军事运动中就有了游击战术思想,并部分地付诸实践。游击战术思想用在抗日方面,“九一八”事变至抗战爆发处于酝酿与尝试阶段,1938年1月汉口会议时初步形成,1938年底正式确立并在其后得到发展。     

涿鹿之战探索

五帝时代前期 ,仰韶文化半坡类型所代表的炎帝族系自西而东、后岗类型所代表的蚩尤族系自东而西分别扩张 ,终于在涿鹿附近相遇而发生激烈冲突 ,蚩尤族系暂时居于优势。但后来继半坡类型而兴起的庙底沟类型所代表的黄帝族系势力大长 ,与蚩尤在涿鹿一带再次交锋 ,终于取得决定性的胜利。失败的蚩尤族系被迫向南迁徙。     

Russian War Propaganda in the United States during the First World War

The article examines Russian governmental efforts to positively shape public opinion in the United States towards the Russian war effort. In late 1916, a small information service, the Nord-Ziud Agency, was established in New York with the task of influencing press coverage by supplying American publications with interesting and favorable information about Russia and its army. However, meager financial support, the unwillingness of the military authorities to frankly share information, and their failure to understand what would interest American readers all undercut this novel propaganda effort.     

Towards the Cold War

ROBERT DALLEK. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979. Pp. ix, 657; DANIEL YERGIN. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977. Pp. x, 526; JOHN H. BACKER. The Decision to Divide Germany: American Foreign Policy in Transition. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1978. Pp. x, 212; ROBERT J. DONOVAN. Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945–1948. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1977. Pp. xvii, 473; YONOSUKE NAGAI and AKIRA IRIYE, editors. The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1977. Pp. ix, 448; THOMAS G. PATERSON. On Every Front: The Making of the Cold War. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1979. Pp. xii, 210.     

War on the Mind

Abstract

The new biology, a formidable triad of the disciplines of biochemistry, genetics and cell biology, has given an entirely new insight into disease processes. It is forcefully argued here that this interdisciplinary approach should be applied to tropical diseases. The detailed strategy and possible engineering of a malaria vaccine, as developed at the author's Institute, are cited as an example. But finally, society must decide if the new biology is to be used for research on the diseases of the rich or the poor peoples of this planet.     

论"十五年中日战争"与"八年抗战"

"十五年战争"是日本学者在20世纪50年代提出来的.所谓十五年战争是从1931年"满洲事变"开始,到1945年日本战败为止.日本学者把这段历史叫做"日中战争史"、"太平洋战争史"、"大东亚战争史"等.20世纪七、八十年代,日本学界出版了不少关于十五年战争史的文章和书籍.一位日本学者说:"1956年鹤见俊辅率先将'满洲事变'、'中日战争'及'亚洲太平洋战争'三场战争统称作‘十五年战争'.此后,这一称谓受到大家欢迎并得以普及.